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Ecology > Ch 26+ > Flashcards

Ch 26+ Flashcards

1
Q

Many organisms use the same environments and ____ are often limited.

A

resources

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2
Q

Ecology

A

the study of interactions of organisms with one another and their environment

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3
Q

Community

A

all species that occur in a given area

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4
Q

______ have characteristics that populations and species do not have.

A

communities

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5
Q

What are some characteristics of communities?

A
  • energy flow, nutrient cycling, species turnover

- can be vague and quite difficult to quantify

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6
Q

Assemblage

A

group of (potentially) interacting organisms in a community

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7
Q

Guilds

A

set of species that use resources in a similar manner; deals with how they use resources

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8
Q

A kingsnake, red-tail hawk, and the red-fox can be considered a _____ based on what they eat.

A

guild

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9
Q

Species richness

A

the number of species in a given agea

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10
Q

How is species richness determined?

A

intensive and long-term sampling

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11
Q

Major determinants for species richness and abundance

A
  • latitude and elevation
  • environmental factors
  • time
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12
Q

____ and ____ are major determinants in biodiversity

A

latitude and elevation

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13
Q

Latitudinal species gradient

A

-species richness increases from the poles to the tropics

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14
Q

Habitats with greater ___ and ____ complexity tend to have more species.

A

spatial and structural

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15
Q

Intermediate disturbance hypothesis

A

The basic idea is that some disturbance in an ecosystem continually disrupts interspecific competition. If you leave an ecosystem alone, things become specified.

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16
Q

How are assemblages determined?

A

by interactions at different levels

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17
Q

Assemblages determined by individual organisms:

A

competition, predation, parasitism

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18
Q

Assemblages determined by population processes

A
  • density-dependent

- reciprocal negative density dependence

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19
Q

Reciprocal negative density dependence

A

one population keeps the other one down

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20
Q

Density-dependent processes

A

the size you have determines what you experience. ex. sickness

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21
Q

3 main results of competition

A
  • resource partitioning
  • habitat/geographic displacement of species
  • morphological differentiation of sympatric species
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22
Q

Resource partitioning

A

differential use of resources by species in an assemblage

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23
Q

Competitive exclusion principle

A

no two species can occupy the same niche indefinitely

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24
Q

Competition is stronger between

A

ecologically more similar species

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25
Q

In the case of anoles, when can the small A. wattsi successfully compete with the larger A. gingivinus?

A

when parasite reduces competitive ability of A. gingivinus (the big anole)

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26
Q

Example of Morphological differentiation of sympatric species

A

character displacement

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27
Q

Types of character displacement

A
  • convergent

- divergent

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28
Q

Character displacement= convergent

Frog example

A
  • different release calls when isolated

- similar release calls when sympatric

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29
Q

Character displacement= divergent

frog example

A
  • similar advertisement calls when isolated

- different advertisement calls when sympatric

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30
Q

_______ and _________ can effectively result in resource partitioning.

A

phenotypic plasticity; character displacement

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31
Q

Phenotypic plasticity and character displacement can effectively result in _________.

A

resource partitioning

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32
Q

When both Spea tadpole species occurs, the S. multiplicata becomes less carnivorous and S. bombifrons becomes more carnivorous. What does this show?

A

character displacement

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33
Q

Predation

A

one organism killing and eating another

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34
Q

parasitism

A

one organism feeds on another in a way that is non-lethal (at least in short term)

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35
Q

Predation and parasitism depends on:

A

density of prey and hosts

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36
Q

Predation and parasitism can interact with ______

A

competition; ex. predator can reduce density of prey to the point where competition among prey individuals is reduced

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37
Q

Predation and parasitism can affect ____ _____

A

resource partitioning; ex. presence of predators can reduce activity of prey

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38
Q

Phylogenetic relationships and evolutionary history affect _____.

A

ecology; hard to determine evolutionary cause of lineage diversity

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39
Q

Phylogenetic inertia

A

the limitations on the future evolutionary pathways that have been imposed by previous adaptations. “You are what you are because of the genes your ancestors gave you”

40
Q

Ecomorphs

A

species of different phyletic origin with similar morphological adaptations to similar niches; ex. anoles on different islands

41
Q

___ ____ is an example of a new analytical tool becoming important to ecology.

A

niche modeling

42
Q

niche modeling

A
  • uses distribution and environmental data to generate models of environmental features that should be associated with a species niche
  • identifies possible distributions associated with predicted changes in climate, diet, habitat alteration, etc.
43
Q

What are some of the major factors affecting communities and assemblages?

A
  • latitude and elevation
  • temperature and humidity
  • competition
  • predation and parasitism
  • physiological tolerances
  • phylogenetic history
44
Q

The importance of the major factors affecting communities and assemblages depends on

A

the kinds of organisms involved, nature of the environment, and interactions

45
Q

Biogeography

A

study of past and present distributions of organisms

46
Q

_____ history strongly affected the evolution and distribution of organisms

A

earth

47
Q

Equilibrium Theory of Island Biogeography

A
  • # of species on an island reflects balance of colonization and extinction
  • rates of colonization and extinction depend largely on island size and distance from mainland
  • so island size and distance affect # of species present
48
Q

The theory of island biogeography combines what two common patterns in nature?

A

species-area relationship

species-isolation relationships

49
Q

Species-area relationship

A

as area increases, so does species richness (levels off eventually)

50
Q

species-isolation relationships

A

the greater the distance form the mainland, the lower the number of species that arrive at a new location

51
Q

Ecological biogeography

A

early studies of ecological determinants of distributions; emphasizes recent correlates of current distributions

52
Q

Historical biogeography

A

integration of Earth history and phylogenetic relationships with ecological biogeography

53
Q

Consideration of _____ critical for recognizing historical effects in addition to recent ecological effects

A

phylogenetics

54
Q

niche conservatism

A

closely related species maintaining ecologically similar traits

55
Q

niche evolution

A

divergence in ecological traits; “use something new”

56
Q

Endemism

A

restriction of species to a particular area

57
Q

Disjunct populations

A

occurrence in different areas with gaps in between

58
Q

Vicariance

A

fragmentation of ancestral distribution by formation of geographic barriers

59
Q

Dispersal

A

migration of organisms across pre-exisiting barriers

60
Q

Area cladogram

A

phylogeny diagram of areas

61
Q

Assumptions of vicariance

A
  • biotas geographically static
  • geological events create barriers
  • biotas diverge after separation by barriers
62
Q

Dispersal Theory

A
  • lineages have a center of origin

- lineages disperse from center of origin across barriers

63
Q

Dispersal is common within ______ . Dispersal to ___ infrequent, but known to occur.

A

land masses; islands

64
Q

_____ are responsible for many dispersal events

A

humans

65
Q

Correspondence between distributions and phylogenetic divergences indicate _______.

A

vicariances

66
Q

Many kinds of barriers can result in vicariance:

A

continents, mountains, rivers, ecological transitions, etc.

67
Q

Phylogeography

A

the study of the historical processes that may be responsible for the contemporary geographic distributions of individuals

68
Q

Historical biogeography and phylogeography founded on principle that:

A

Earth and life evolved together

69
Q

Conservation Biology

A

a synthetic discipline addressing the dynamics and problems of perturbed species, communities, and ecosystems.

70
Q

Managing endangered species, addressing effects of human influence on populations, and habitat restoration are all aspects of:

A

conservation biology

71
Q

Why has conservation biology not been very successful?

A
  • governments view growth as positive (human population)
  • unsustainable resource use (using it fast)
  • global climate change
72
Q

Major focus of conservation biology is the maintenance and preservation of _______.

A

biodiversity

73
Q

Biodiversity

A

variety of living organisms at all levels of organization and the variety of habitats and ecosystems (and processes therein)

74
Q

3 common measures of Biodiversity:

A
  • ecosystem
  • genetic
  • species
75
Q

Genetic diversity

A

the gene pool of a population

76
Q

Alpha diversity

A

number of species in a community or habitat

77
Q

Beta diversity

A

difference/change in species number along an environmental gradient

78
Q

Gamma diversity

A

difference/change in species composition among similar habitats in different areas

79
Q

Community/Ecosystem Diversity

A

number of species associations or communities throughout an entire naturally occurring or artificially defined gradient

80
Q

Extinction

A

the permanent loss of a species (or gene, or lineage)

81
Q

Background extinction rate

A

the number of species appearing is slightly higher than the number disappearing

82
Q

Effects of habitat loss

A
  • direct effect

- edge effect

83
Q

Direct effect

A

species disappear from area (effects extend beyond the edges of lost habitat)

84
Q

Edge effect

A

changes in community structures hat occur at the boundary of two ore more habitats

85
Q

Effects of pollution are not always obvious. When does action occur?

A

action is rarely preventative, usually occurs with an impending crisis or in the midst of one.

86
Q

Atrazine

A
  • chemical contaminant
  • compelling evidence of hormonal interruptions in amphibians
  • EPA allows 3.0 ppb in drinking water
  • effects studied in frogs by Tyrone Hayes
87
Q

Environmental acidification (acid rain)

A
  • arises from the combustion of fossil fuels and the release of Sulfur and Nitrogen Oxides into the air
  • reacts with moisture to produce sulfuric acid and nitric acids and are returned to earth by snow or rainfall
88
Q

Ecoestrogens

A

estrogen-mimicking chemicals produced by plants and fungi (defense compounds)

89
Q

Fibropapillomatosis

A

-tissue-proliferation legions that interferes with organ function and reduces ability of turtles to escape enemies and find food

90
Q

Overexploitation

A

Tragedy of the commons: when multiple individuals act in their own self-interest contrary to the common good, resources will be overexploited

91
Q

Wildlife harvesting

A

legal or illegal capture of wildlife for human use

92
Q

Sustainable use

A

allows the limited harvest of a population, providing that the portion of the population remaining is able to reduce and maintain itself

93
Q

Fate of sustainable use programs depnds on:

A

how accurately biologists can assess reproductive potential and demography of each population in order to accurately track number captured

94
Q

What has been an effective management tool for hunted populations when special interests do not override the recommendations of the biologists?

A

quotas

95
Q

Exotic species

A

species that are non-native and introduced (intentionally or not)

96
Q

Issues with exotic species

A
  • can have very detrimental effects on native flora and fauna
  • often accompany human habitat alteration, separating effects of each can be quite difficult
  • bring their own diseases with them
  • local populations have not evolved alongside these diseases

Ecology (11 decks)

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