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Ecology > Ch. 5 Continued > Flashcards

Ch. 5 Continued Flashcards

1
Q

Macroevolution

A

evolution on a large scale (evolution above the species level)

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2
Q

“Why are there more beetle species on the planet than any other insect lineage?” is a macro/microevolution perspective?

A

Macroevolutionary perspective

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3
Q

“How has natural selection shaped an individual beetle species?” is an example of macro/microevolutionary perspective?

A

microevolutionary

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4
Q

Specitation

A

the splitting of one species into two or more

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5
Q

Microevolution and macroevolution are the result of the same processes, it is the _____ that differs.

A

scale

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6
Q

The same microevolutionary principles that work on a population work to promote/restrict speciation. These include:

A
  • genetic drift
  • mutation
  • migration
  • natural selection
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7
Q

What is the “species problem?”

A

it is difficult to define the word “species” in a way that applies to all organims

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8
Q

What are the different types of species definitions used?

A
  • Typological species concept
  • Ecological species concept
  • Phylogenetic species concept
  • Biological species concept
  • Evolutionary species concept
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9
Q

Typological species concept

A

a species is a group of organisms conforming to a common morphological plan with fixed properties, emphasizing that species are essentially static

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10
Q

Problems with the typological species concept

A
  • a species may not have many measurable traits (bacteria)
  • species are not fixed!
  • different phenotypes do not necessarily denote different species
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11
Q

Ecological species concept

A

a species is a set of organisms adapted to a particular set of resources, called a niche

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12
Q

Niche

A

the space that an organism occupies

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13
Q

Phylogenetic species concept

A

a species is the smallest diagnosable cluster of individual organisms, distinct from other clusters, and where there is a parental pattern of ancestry and descent

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14
Q

Biological species concept

A

groups of actually or potentially interbreeding populations, which are reproductively isolated from other groups

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15
Q

Biological species concept has nothing to do with external appearance, but everything to do with ______ _______.

A

reproductive isolation

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16
Q

Problems with biological species concept

A
  • What about asexual species?
  • fossils?
  • hybridization
  • reproductive isolation is usually assumed
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17
Q

Evolutionary species concept

A

a species is a lineage (ancestral-descendant sequence) evolving separately from others and with its own evolutionary roles and tendencies.

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18
Q

Reproductive Isolating Mechanisms

A
  • barriers that prevent successful reproduction
  • can be prezygotic
  • can be postzygotic
  • make it unlikely for hybridization to occur
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19
Q

prezygotic

A

before mating

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20
Q

postzygotic

A

occurring after mating

ex. mule exists but can’t reproduce

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21
Q

Prezygotic barriers

A

prevent reproductive attempts between two individuals

22
Q

Examples of prezygotic barriers

A
  • habitat isolation
  • temporal isolation
  • behavioral isolation
  • mechanical isolation
  • gamete isolation
23
Q

Habitat isolation

A

when two species occupy different habitats within the same geographic range; leads to resource partitioning

24
Q

Resource partitioning

A

a process where similar species exploit limited resources without overlap

25
Q

Temporal isolation

A

reproduction occurs in the same space but at a different time

26
Q

Behavioral isolation

A

mate-recognition behaviors that are accepted or ignored between species

27
Q

Gamete isolation

A

when sperm and egg are not able to fuse, a zygote cannot form

28
Q

Mechanical isolation

A

incompatible genitalia or plant strucutres

29
Q

Postzygotic barriers

A

operate after the formation of a zygote and prevent hybrid offspring form developing/reproducing

  • hybrid inviability
  • hybrid sterility
30
Q

Hybrid inviability

A

zygote is not viable and dies

31
Q

Hybrid sterility

A

hybrid zygote develops into a sterile adult

32
Q

Prezygotic isolating mechanisms

A
  • habitat isolation
  • temporal isolation
  • behavioral isolation
  • mechanical isolation
  • gamte isolation
33
Q

Post zygotic isolating mechanisms

A
  • zygote mortality
  • hybrid sterility
  • F2 fitness
34
Q

Speciation

A

the splitting of one species into two or more species

35
Q

There are multiple modes of speciation but ______ of some sort is a must.

A

isolation

36
Q

Isolation can be ______ or _______.

A

geographic; behavioral

37
Q

What are the modes of speciation?

A
  • allopatric

- sympatric

38
Q

Allopatric speciation

A

speciation when a population becomes separated by a geographic boundary or other physical barrier; once separated, microevolutionary processes can change one population enough so that it becomes reproductively isolated form the other population

39
Q

Sympatric speciation

A

speciation in the absence of a geographic barrier

-typically a result of a divergence in diet, microhabitat, or both

40
Q

Which mode of speciation is less common?

A

sympatric because there is no physical barrier to observe

41
Q

In plants, sympatric speciation often involves _______

A

polyploidy

42
Q

Polyploid plants can reproduce with themselves but produces _____ offspring when mated to diploid individuals.

A

sterile

43
Q

What are the two types of polyploidy?

A
  • autoploidy

- alloploidy

44
Q

Autoploidy

A
  • occurs when a diploid plant produces diploid gametes during meiosis
  • diploid gamete then fuses with haploid gamete
  • a triploid plant is the result (sterile)
  • ex. banana
45
Q

Alloploidy

A
  • occurs when two different plant species are able to hybridize
  • followed by spontaneous doubling of chromosomes
  • produces new hybrid species
46
Q

Adaptive radiation

A

-a type of speciation that occurs when a single ancestral species rapidly gives rise to a variety of new species, each of which is adapted to a specific environment

47
Q

Adaptive radiation is seen in what two scenarios?

A
  • unoccupied ecological space

- the evolution of a novel trait confers a major/new advantage

48
Q

Ecological release

A
  • landscape-level extinction leaves large areas vacant

- movement into new/unoccupied area

49
Q

How fast do new species evolve? 2 proposed mechanisms

A
  • gradualism

- punctuated equilibrium

50
Q

Gradualism

A

species change gradually from an ancestral species into new species

51
Q

Punctuated Equilibrium

A

periods of stasis are punctuated by speciation

Ecology (11 decks)

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