The Ankle Joint and Leg Region

Question 1

What are the three joints between the tibia and fibula?

Answer 1

• proximal, intermediate and distal tibiofibular joints

Question 2

Classify the proximal tibiofibular joint

Answer 2

synovial, mutliaxial, planar

Question 3

What are the movements at the proximal tibiofibular joint?

Answer 3

• small ROM

- gliding motion in each of the major planes

Question 4

What type of joint is the intermediate tibiofibular joint?

Answer 4

fibrous - very small ROM

Question 5

What type of joint is the distal tibiofibular joint?

Answer 5

fibrous - tiny ROM

Question 6

What movements result in the movement of tibiofibular joints?

Answer 6

movement at the ankle - moves upwards and rotates during dorsiflexion

Question 7

What are the movements of the foot?

Answer 7

plantar flexion, dorsiflexion, eversion and inversion

Question 8

What is the big toe termed anatomically?

Answer 8

hallux

Question 9

Which digit has only 2 phlanages?

Answer 9

hallux

Question 10

What forms the arches of the foot?

Answer 10

articulations between the various bones and connective tissue

Question 11

How many arches of the foot are there?

Answer 11

3 - medial longitudinal, lateral longitudinal and transverse arches

Question 12

What is the acronym for the tarsals?

Answer 12

Cute - Calcaneus
Tina - Talus
Never - Navicular
Could - Cuboid
Cooperate - Cuneiform (medial, intermediate and lateral)

Question 13

How many tarsals are there?

Answer 13

7

Question 14

Classify the talocrural joint (ankle)

Answer 14

synovial, uniaxial, hinge

Question 15

What are the movements at the talocrural joint?

Answer 15

dorsiflexion and plantar flexion

Question 16

What are the articular surfaces of the talocrural joint?

Answer 16

Malleolar mortise and Talus

Question 17

When is the talocrural joint strongest? Why?

Answer 17

Dorsiflexion as facets grip the talus tightly and the trochlear of the talus is wider anteriorly.

Question 18

What are the supporting ligaments of the ankle joint?

Answer 18

medial collateral/deltoid ligament and lateral collateral ligament

Question 19

What is the structural differences between the lateral and medial collateral ligaments of the ankle joint?

Answer 19

• medial: large, expansive, triangular shaped

- lateral: smaller, less expansive

Question 20

What are the 4 parts of the medial collateral ligament of the ankle joint? What do they each limit?

Answer 20

anterior tibiofibular - plantar flexion
posterior tibiofibular - dorsiflexion
tibionavicular (anterior)- plantar flexion
tibiocalcaneal (dorsiflexion)- dorsiflexion

Question 21

What are the 3 parts of the lateral collateral ligament of the ankle joint? What do they limit?

Answer 21

anterior talofibular - plantar flexion
posterior talofibular - dorsiflexion
calcaneofibular - dorsiflexion

Question 22

What does the medial collateral ligament of the ankle joint prevent?

Answer 22

subluxation of the joint during eversion

Question 23

What does the lateral collateral ligament of the ankle joint prevent?

Answer 23

subluxation of the joint during inversion

Question 24

Name the joints between the tarsals

Answer 24

subtalar joint

transverse tarsal joint - formed by taleocalcaneonavicular and calcaneocuboid joint

Question 25

What is the classification of tarsal joints?

Answer 25

synovial, plane, multiaxial

Question 26

What are the movements of tarsal joints?

Answer 26

inversion, eversion, plantar flexion and dorsiflexion

Question 27

What are the benefits of inversion and eversion?

Answer 27

allows adjustment to uneven surfaces, increasing efficiency in gait and flexibility of the foot.

Question 28

What are the surfaces of the Tarsometatarsal joints?

Answer 28

3 cuneiform ones and cuboid bone with the metatarsals

Question 29

Classify the Tarsometatarsal joints

Answer 29

synovial, planar joints

Question 30

Describe the movement at the tarsometatarsal joints

Answer 30

very little

Question 31

What is the articulations of the metatarsophalangeal joints?

Answer 31

distal head of metatarsal base and base of adjacent phalanx at each digit

Question 32

What is the classification of metatarsophalangeal joints?

Answer 32

synovial, biaxial, condyloid joints

Question 33

What are the movements at the metatarsophalangeal joints?

Answer 33

flexion extension, abduction and adduction

Question 34

What are the ligaments that support the metatarsophalangeal joints?

Answer 34

- collateral ligament - planar ligaments - deep transverse metatarsal ligaments

Question 35

What is the function of the collateral ligaments at the metatarsophalangeal joints?

Answer 35

limits flexion

Question 36

What is the function of the planar ligaments at the metatarsophalangeal joints?

Answer 36

limits extension

Question 37

What is the function of the deep transverse metatarsal ligaments at the metatarsophalangeal joints?

Answer 37

keeps metatarsal head together during weight bearing, prevents splaying of metatarsals under load.

Question 38

What is the classification of the interphalangeal joints of the foot?

Answer 38

synovial, uniaxial, hinge

Question 39

What movements occur at the interphalangeal joints of the foot?

Answer 39

flexion and extension

Question 40

What ligaments support the interphalangeal joints of the foot and what are their functions?

Answer 40

- collateral ligament: limits flexion | - planar ligament: limits extension

Question 41

What bones allow the formation of arches of the foot?

Answer 41

tarsal and metatarsal bones

Question 42

What is the purpose of arches of the foot?

Answer 42

enhance weight bearing ability of the foot

Question 43

What supportive features of the arches of the foot are there?

Answer 43

plantar aponeurosis long plantar ligament calcaneonavicular ligament muscles of the foot and lower leg

Question 44

What are the dorsiflexors of the foot?

Answer 44

tibialis anterior, extensor hallucis longus, extensor digitorum longus and peroneus tertius

Question 45

Where do the muscles that cause dorsiflexion lie in relation to the foot?

Answer 45

anterior

Question 46

What is the most superficial and the most deep dorsiflexors?

Answer 46

- tibialis anterior (superficial) | - peroneus tertius (deep)

Question 47

What are the attachments of the tibialis anterior?

Answer 47

arises from tibia and inserts of tarsals

Question 48

What is the attachments of extensor hallucis longus?

Answer 48

fibular to proximal phalanx of hallux

Question 49

What are the attachments of extensor digitorum longus?

Answer 49

fibular to digits 2 - 5

Question 50

what are the attachments of peroneus tertius?

Answer 50

fibula to metatarsals

Question 51

Where do muscles that cause eversion of the foot lie?

Answer 51

laterally

Question 52

What are the everters of the foot?

Answer 52

peroneus longus and brevis

Question 53

What are the attachments of peroneus longus?

Answer 53

fibula to medial cuneiform and metatarsal

Question 54

What are the attachments of peroneus brevis?

Answer 54

fibula to metatarsal

Question 55

What is peroneus longus and brevis innervated by?

Answer 55

superficial tibial nerve

Question 56

What are the muscles in the superficial group that cause plantar flexion?

Answer 56

gastrocnemius, soleus and plantaris

Question 57

What are the muscles in the deep group that cause plantar flexion?

Answer 57

tibialis posterior flexor digitorus longus and flexor hallucis longus

Question 58

Which is deep to the other, gastrocnemius or soleus?

Answer 58

soleus

Question 59

Where does the soleus muscle insert?

Answer 59

achilles tendon to pull foot up

Question 60

What are the attachments of tibialis posterior?

Answer 60

tibia and fibula to navicular

Question 61

What are the attachments of flexor digitorum longus?

Answer 61

tibia to distal phalanx 2 - 5

Question 62

What are the attachments of flexor hallucis longus?

Answer 62

fibula to distal phalanx 1

Question 63

What are the attachments of gastrocnemius?

Answer 63

femur condyles to achilles tendon

Question 64

What are the attachments of soleus?

Answer 64

fibula to tendo calcaneus

Question 65

What are the plantar flexors innervated by?

Answer 65

tibial nerve

Question 66

What movement of the foot is a key propulsor in gait?

Answer 66

plantar flexion

Question 67

What are the muscles that cause inversion?

Answer 67

tibialis anterior as it inserts on medial aspect of foot

Question 68

What is the purpose of the superior and inferior peroneal retinaculum?

Answer 68

bind down the peroneus longus and brevis behind the lateral malleolus

Question 69

Where do the peroneus longus and brevis muscles run behind?

Answer 69

lateral malleolus

Question 70

What is the function of flexor retinaculum?

Answer 70

converts bony grooves into canals for tendons of the tibialis posterior flexor digitorum longus and flexor hallucis longus as they pass behind the medial malleolus

Question 71

What is the function of the plantar aponeurosis?

Answer 71

binds the skin of the foot and provides an attachment sit for foot muscles and maintains the arches of the foot