Introduction to Anatomy, osteology, arthology and myology

Question 1

What is the anatomical position?

Answer 1

Facing anteriorly, feet forward, palms forward, head straight and standing

Question 2

Describe the three planes of the body

Answer 2

1) Coronal/frontal - divides into front and back
2) Sagittal - divides into left and right
3) Transverse - divides into top and bottom

Question 3

Describe the two types of sagittal planes

Answer 3

Midsagittal - straight down the center

Parasgittal - off from the centre

Question 4

Describe the anatomical directions

Answer 4

Anterior - in front
Posterior - behind
Superior - closer to the top
Inferior - closer to the bottom
Medial - closer to the midline
Lateral - away from the midline
Proximal - closer to the trunk
Distal - away from the trunk
Superficial - closer to the skin surface
Deep - away from the skin surface

Question 5

Describe the axial and appendicular skeletons

Answer 5

The axial skeleton is comprised of the head and trunk i.e. skull, thorax,vertebral column and pelvis.
The appendicular skeleton is comprised of appendages and girdles hanging from the axial skeleton.

Question 6

What are the functions of bone?

Answer 6

• Calcium storage
• Protection from external forces
• Support
• Movement
• Production of blood cells
• Storage of minerals and lipids

Question 7

Describe bone tissue

Answer 7

Compact bone outlines the external of the bone comprised of osteoclasts and blasts knitted closely together.
Spongy bone fills the internal of the bone as well as the medullary cavity where blood cells are produced.

Question 8

Classify bones according to shape and give an example of each

Answer 8

• Long – femur, humerus, ulna, radius, tibia, fibula, metatarsals, metacarpals
• Short – box-like appearance i.e. carpals, tarsals
• Flat – thin parallel surfaces i.e. skull, sternum, scapula, ribs
• Irregular – complex shapes with short flat, notched or rigid surfaces i.e. vertebrae, pelvic bones and some bones of the skull
• Sesamoid – small, flat, round bones develop inside tendons i.e. patella

Question 9

What are the three histological classifications of joints?

Answer 9

1) Fibrous
2) Cartilaginous
3) Synovial

Question 10

What are the two types of fibrous joints? Give examples.

Answer 10

Sutures - immovable i.e. skull

Syndesmosis - slightly movable i.e. ulna

Question 11

What are the two types of cartilaginous joint? Give examples.

Answer 11

Primary cartilaginous - immovable i.e. costochondral joint

Secondary cartilaginous - slightly movable i.e. vertebral joints

Question 12

what does synovial fluid act as?

Answer 12

Lubricant

Question 13

Classify synovial joints according to degrees of freedom and give examples

Answer 13

Uniaxial – one pair of movements i.e. elbow
Biaxial – two pairs of movements i.e. carpals
Multiaxial – three pairs of movements i.e. shoulder

Question 14

Classify synovial joints by structure and give examples.

Answer 14

Hinge (Uniaxial) - elbow
Pivot (uniaxial) - atlantoaxial joint
Condyloid (biaxial) - metocarpalphalaneal
Saddle (biaxial) - carpometacarpal joint
Ball & socket (multiaxial) - shoulder joint
Plane (multiaxial) - acromicoclavicular joint

Question 15

What is the function of ligaments?

Answer 15

ligaments are bands of fibrous tissue that prevent unwanted movement and limit wanted movement

Question 16

Describe the three types of ligaments.

Answer 16

Capsular - reinforce capsule ofjoint
Extracapsular - lie outside the capsule
Intracapsular - lie inside the capsule

Question 17

Define and describe articular discs

Answer 17

Pads of fibrocartilage that are situated between articulations to act as…

• Shock absorbers
• Aid mechanical fit between surfaces
• Restrain movement, assist in lubrication
• Permit different movements to occur simultaneously at the one joint

Question 18

Define and describe bursa

Answer 18

Fluid filled sacs that reduce friction as structures slide on one another

Question 19

List factors that stabilize joints

Answer 19

• Shape of joint surfaces
• Articular discs
• Associated ligaments

Question 20

Classify muscles by shape

Answer 20

• Paralell: muscle fibers run in straight line between attachments
• Oblique: fibers run on angles between attachments
• Circular: fibers run around an opening in a circular direction

Question 21

Name the types of skeletal muscle contractions

Answer 21

Isotonic: muscle is dynamic when contracting
- concentric: muscle shortening
-eccentric: muscle lengthening
Isometric: muscle contracting but not dynamic

Question 22

Name and describe the functions of skeletal muscles during movement.

Answer 22

Agonist - muscle producing the movement isotonically
Antagonist - muscle that relaxes to allow movement to occur
Fixator - muscle that stabilises a body segment to allow movement to occur
Synergist - helps agonist to make movement happen

Question 23

Describe the histology of muscles

Answer 23

skeletal muscles -> myofibres (muscle cells) -> myofilaments (strands of protein within the muscle cell) -> actin & myosin filaments

Question 24

What is the sarcomeres?

Answer 24

sarcomeres are the contractile units of muscle that run adjacent to myofibril

Question 25

What is the point where motor neurons and muscle fibers meet?

Answer 25

neuromusclar junction

Question 26

What occurs at the neuromuscular junction?

Answer 26

• Action potential reached end of alpha motor neuron
• Calcium channels open converting electrical impulse into chemical (neurotransmitters in form a AcH)
• AcH is released into cleft
• Binds to AcH receptors in sarcolemma
• Opens ion channels, propagating AP down the muscle membrane
• Goes down T tubule into muscle belly
• Sarcoplasmic reticulum picks up excitation and releases Ca down muscle fibre
• Ca reveals active binding site between actin and myosin
• Sliding of actin and myosin against one another
• Muscle contracts
• Message stops
• Contraction stops
• Muscle relaxes

Question 27

What is the effect of having a large ROM on a joint?

Answer 27

less stability

Question 28

If a muscle crosses a joint 
1) anteriorly
2)posteriorly
3)medially/laterally
what movement will it produce?

Answer 28

1) flexion
2) extension
3) abduction/adduction

Question 29

List 4 different movements that occur at synovial joints

Answer 29

1) active - active muscle contraction
2) angular - flexion/extension and abduction/adduction
3) rotational - medial/lateral rotation and prontation/supination
4) passive -external force produces movement

Question 30

What are the two types of muscle contraction?

Answer 30

Isometric - non-dynamic contraction

Isotonic - dynamic contraction

Question 31

List projections for structural attachments

Answer 31

Trochanter, crest, spine, line, tuberosity and tubercle

Question 32

List processes of articulation

Answer 32

Head, facet, condyle, epicondyle and trochlear

Question 33

List depressions that act as openings

Answer 33

Sinus, foramen, meatus, fissure and canal

Question 34

Name some depressions

Answer 34

Sulcus, fossa, fovea and groove

Question 35

Name an example of a trochanter, tubercle and tuberosity

Answer 35

Greater trochanter
Adductor tubercle
Tibial tuberosity

Question 36

Name an example of a crest, spine and a line

Answer 36

Iliac crest
Arcuate line
Spine of scapula

Question 37

List an example of a fossa, sulcus, fovea and a groove

Answer 37

Lacrimal sulcus
Iliac fossa
Fovea centralis
Femoral groove

Question 38

Name an example of a sinus, foramen, fissure, meatus and a canal

Answer 38

Sphenoidal sinus
Obturator foramen
Tympanomastoid fissure
External auditory meatus
Carotid canal