Introduction to Anatomy, osteology, arthology and myology Flashcards
What is the anatomical position?
Facing anteriorly, feet forward, palms forward, head straight and standing
Describe the three planes of the body
1) Coronal/frontal - divides into front and back
2) Sagittal - divides into left and right
3) Transverse - divides into top and bottom
Describe the two types of sagittal planes
Midsagittal - straight down the center
Parasgittal - off from the centre
Describe the anatomical directions
Anterior - in front Posterior - behind Superior - closer to the top Inferior - closer to the bottom Medial - closer to the midline Lateral - away from the midline Proximal - closer to the trunk Distal - away from the trunk Superficial - closer to the skin surface Deep - away from the skin surface
Describe the axial and appendicular skeletons
The axial skeleton is comprised of the head and trunk i.e. skull, thorax,vertebral column and pelvis.
The appendicular skeleton is comprised of appendages and girdles hanging from the axial skeleton.
What are the functions of bone?
- Calcium storage
- Protection from external forces
- Support
- Movement
- Production of blood cells
- Storage of minerals and lipids
Describe bone tissue
Compact bone outlines the external of the bone comprised of osteoclasts and blasts knitted closely together.
Spongy bone fills the internal of the bone as well as the medullary cavity where blood cells are produced.
Classify bones according to shape and give an example of each
- Long – femur, humerus, ulna, radius, tibia, fibula, metatarsals, metacarpals
- Short – box-like appearance i.e. carpals, tarsals
- Flat – thin parallel surfaces i.e. skull, sternum, scapula, ribs
- Irregular – complex shapes with short flat, notched or rigid surfaces i.e. vertebrae, pelvic bones and some bones of the skull
- Sesamoid – small, flat, round bones develop inside tendons i.e. patella
What are the three histological classifications of joints?
1) Fibrous
2) Cartilaginous
3) Synovial
What are the two types of fibrous joints? Give examples.
Sutures - immovable i.e. skull
Syndesmosis - slightly movable i.e. ulna
What are the two types of cartilaginous joint? Give examples.
Primary cartilaginous - immovable i.e. costochondral joint
Secondary cartilaginous - slightly movable i.e. vertebral joints
what does synovial fluid act as?
Lubricant
Classify synovial joints according to degrees of freedom and give examples
Uniaxial – one pair of movements i.e. elbow
Biaxial – two pairs of movements i.e. carpals
Multiaxial – three pairs of movements i.e. shoulder
Classify synovial joints by structure and give examples.
Hinge (Uniaxial) - elbow
Pivot (uniaxial) - atlantoaxial joint
Condyloid (biaxial) - metocarpalphalaneal
Saddle (biaxial) - carpometacarpal joint
Ball & socket (multiaxial) - shoulder joint
Plane (multiaxial) - acromicoclavicular joint
What is the function of ligaments?
ligaments are bands of fibrous tissue that prevent unwanted movement and limit wanted movement
Describe the three types of ligaments.
Capsular - reinforce capsule ofjoint
Extracapsular - lie outside the capsule
Intracapsular - lie inside the capsule
Define and describe articular discs
Pads of fibrocartilage that are situated between articulations to act as…
- Shock absorbers
- Aid mechanical fit between surfaces
- Restrain movement, assist in lubrication
- Permit different movements to occur simultaneously at the one joint
Define and describe bursa
Fluid filled sacs that reduce friction as structures slide on one another
List factors that stabilize joints
- Shape of joint surfaces
- Articular discs
- Associated ligaments
Classify muscles by shape
- Paralell: muscle fibers run in straight line between attachments
- Oblique: fibers run on angles between attachments
- Circular: fibers run around an opening in a circular direction
Name the types of skeletal muscle contractions
Isotonic: muscle is dynamic when contracting
- concentric: muscle shortening
-eccentric: muscle lengthening
Isometric: muscle contracting but not dynamic
Name and describe the functions of skeletal muscles during movement.
Agonist - muscle producing the movement isotonically
Antagonist - muscle that relaxes to allow movement to occur
Fixator - muscle that stabilises a body segment to allow movement to occur
Synergist - helps agonist to make movement happen
Describe the histology of muscles
skeletal muscles -> myofibres (muscle cells) -> myofilaments (strands of protein within the muscle cell) -> actin & myosin filaments
What is the sarcomeres?
sarcomeres are the contractile units of muscle that run adjacent to myofibril
What is the point where motor neurons and muscle fibers meet?
neuromusclar junction
What occurs at the neuromuscular junction?
- Action potential reached end of alpha motor neuron
- Calcium channels open converting electrical impulse into chemical (neurotransmitters in form a AcH)
- AcH is released into cleft
- Binds to AcH receptors in sarcolemma
- Opens ion channels, propagating AP down the muscle membrane
- Goes down T tubule into muscle belly
- Sarcoplasmic reticulum picks up excitation and releases Ca down muscle fibre
- Ca reveals active binding site between actin and myosin
- Sliding of actin and myosin against one another
- Muscle contracts
- Message stops
- Contraction stops
- Muscle relaxes
What is the effect of having a large ROM on a joint?
less stability
If a muscle crosses a joint 1) anteriorly 2)posteriorly 3)medially/laterally what movement will it produce?
1) flexion
2) extension
3) abduction/adduction
List 4 different movements that occur at synovial joints
1) active - active muscle contraction
2) angular - flexion/extension and abduction/adduction
3) rotational - medial/lateral rotation and prontation/supination
4) passive -external force produces movement
What are the two types of muscle contraction?
Isometric - non-dynamic contraction
Isotonic - dynamic contraction
List projections for structural attachments
Trochanter, crest, spine, line, tuberosity and tubercle
List processes of articulation
Head, facet, condyle, epicondyle and trochlear
List depressions that act as openings
Sinus, foramen, meatus, fissure and canal
Name some depressions
Sulcus, fossa, fovea and groove
Name an example of a trochanter, tubercle and tuberosity
Greater trochanter
Adductor tubercle
Tibial tuberosity
Name an example of a crest, spine and a line
Iliac crest
Arcuate line
Spine of scapula
List an example of a fossa, sulcus, fovea and a groove
Lacrimal sulcus
Iliac fossa
Fovea centralis
Femoral groove
Name an example of a sinus, foramen, fissure, meatus and a canal
Sphenoidal sinus Obturator foramen Tympanomastoid fissure External auditory meatus Carotid canal
