Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Cardiovascular system > The aetiology and pathophysiology of hypertension > Flashcards

The aetiology and pathophysiology of hypertension Flashcards

1
Q

how does an increase in blood pressure of 2mmHg increase your risk of mortality from ischaemic heart disease?

A

by 7%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

how does an increase in blood pressure of 2mmHg increase your risk of mortality from a stroke?

A

10%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what are the complications of hypertension in the brain?

A

haemorrhage, stroke, cognitive decline, Alzheimer’s,

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what are the complications of hypertension in the eyes?

A

retinopathy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what are the complications of hypertension in the peripheries?

A

peripheral vascular disease: peripheral blood vessels block, narrow or spasm.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what are the complications of hypertension on the kidneys?

A

renal failure
dialysis
transplantation
proteinuria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what are the complications of hypertension on the heart?

A

coronary heart disease
myocardial infarction
left ventricular hypertrophy
congestive heart failure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what is congestive heart failure?

A

Inability of the heart to keep up with the demands on it, with failure of the heart to pump blood with normal efficiency.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what are the general types of stress which can cause hypertension?

A

mental and physical

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

how does the risk of cardiovascular disease and strokes change with increasing blood pressure?

A

it is an exponential increase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what also plays a part in the risk of cardiovascular disease and stroke with hypertension?

A

age

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what is the general consensus for the bp at which a patient is hypertensive?

A

140/90

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what is the optimum bp that must be aimed for in hypertensives?

A

<120/<80

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what is ABPM and what is its advantage over clinical blood pressure?

A

ambulatory blood pressure monitoring. it provides a more accurate measure of blood pressure as blood pressure measured in the clinic tends to be higher than normal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what is clinical bp for type 1 hypertension?

A

140/90 mmHg or higher

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what is the ABPM for type 1 hypertension?

A

daytime average of 135/85 mmHg or higher

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what is the clinical bp for type 2 hypertension?

A

160/100 mmHg or higher

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what is the ABPM in type 2 hypertension?

A

daytime averge of 150/95 or higher

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what is the clinical bp for severe hypertension?

A

180/110 or higher

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what is primary hypertension?

A

hypertension with no underlying cause

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what is secondary hypertension?

A

hypertension with an underlying cause

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what are some causes of secondary hypertension?

A

chronic renal disease
renal artery stenosis
endocrine disease (cushngs, Conn’s syndrome, phaechromocytoma, GRA [Glucocorticoid remediable aldosteronism]

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what other factors apart from increases in blood pressure can cause an increase in morbidity from hypertension?

A
  • Cigarette smoking
  • Diabetes mellitus
  • Renal disease
  • Male
  • Hyperlipidaemia
  • Previous MI or stroke
  • Left ventricular hypertrophy
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

a hypertensive patient who smokes will have a morbidity risk the same as a hypertensive with of a bp of what?

A

20/10 mmHg greater than the smoker’s

25
how does having diabetes mellitus affect the risk of MI in a hypertensive?
5-30 times increase
26
what is the increased risk of morbidity due to hypertension of a male compared to a female?
2 times
27
patients with left ventricular hypertrophy will have an increased risk of...?
2 times that hypertensive of same bp without the condition
28
what is the risk of morbidity of a hypertensive patient who smokes and has diabetes
much higher than the two risks combined as diabetes and smoking work synergistically to increase risk of morbidity from hypertension
29
what are the two prime contributors to blood pressure?
``` cardiac output (stroke volume and heart rate) total peripheral resistance ```
30
what are the mechanisms that the sympathetic system increases blood pressure?
vasoconstriction increased cardiac output reflex tachycardia
31
what are the three functions of the renin-angiotensin aldosterone system?
maintenance of sodium balance control of blood pressure control of blood volume
32
how does angiotensin II increase blood pressure?
it is a vasoconstrictor it is an anti-natriuretic peptide it stimulates aldosterone release from the adrenal glands it is a potent hypertrophic agent which stimulates myocytes and smooth muscle hypertrophy in the arterioles
33
what does aldosterone do to increase blood pressure?
it causes sodium and water to be rebsorbed
34
if hypertensive patients have hypertrophy of smooth muscle and myocytes what happens to their prognosis?
it is poorer
35
what are the two most likely causes of hypertension?
- increased reactivity of the resistance vessels | - a sodium homeostatic effect
36
what causes an increase reactivity of the resistance vessels in hypertensives?
a result of hereditary defect of the smooth muscle lining arterioles (this causes an increased TPR),
37
what causes hypertension in patients with a sodium homeostatic problem?
the kidneys are unable to excrete appropriate amounts of sodium for any given BP as a result sodium and fluid are retained and BP increases
38
what are some other factors that can cause hypertension?
``` age genetics and family history environment weight alcohol intake race salt intake ```
39
how does BP change with increasing age? and why is this though to happen?
it increases, though to be because arteries become more inelastic and compliance decreases
40
how should hypertension in the elderly be treated, compared to younger people?
just as aggressively, however blood pressure may be kept a little higher to prevent syncope
41
between which family member's does the closest correlation between hypertension exist?
siblings
42
what environmental factors increase the risk of hypertension?
mental and physical stress
43
can hypertension presist after stress is removed?
yes
44
does decreasing salt intake help to reduce BP?
yes
45
what quantities of alcohol increase blood pressure?
large quantities
46
what is the average fall in bp after reducing alcohol intake?
5/3 mmHg, very small
47
does weight loss cause decrease in BP in hypertensives?
yes, it can produce large decrease and so is the most important non-pharmacological treatment of the condition (9kg loss can cause fall of 19/18 in non-medicated and 30/21 in medicated)
48
how does birth weight affect the likelihood of developing hypertension in later life?
the lower the birthweight the higher the likelihood of hypertension in later life
49
which races are most susceptible to hypertension?
black populations, reasons are unclear
50
what renal diseases can cause secondary hypertension?
chronic pyelonephritis fibromuscular dysplasia renal artery stenosis polycystic kidneys
51
what is chronic pyelonephritis?
inflammation and fibrosis of the kidneys associated with repeated infections
52
what is fibromuscular dysplasia?
abnormal growth within the arteries which is non arthrosclerotic and non-inflammatory
53
what are the drug induced causes of secondary hypertension?
NSAIDS oral contraceptive corticosteroids
54
what condition in pregnant women causes hypertension?
pre-eclampsia
55
which endocrine disorders can cause hypertension?
``` Conn's syndrome Cushing's disease pheochromocytoma hypo and hyperthyroidism acromegaly ```
56
what is pheochromocytoma?
a tumour of the adrenal tissue that causes overproduction of adrenaline and noradrenaline
57
what is acromegaly?
pituitary gland produced too much growth hormone in adulthood
58
what vascular disease can causes hsecondary hypertension?
coarctation of the aorta
59
what sleep condition can cause secondary hypertension?
sleep apnoea

Cardiovascular system (40 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions