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Cardiovascular system > development of the cardiovascular system 2 > Flashcards

development of the cardiovascular system 2 Flashcards

1
Q

define vasculogenesis

A

the new formation of a primitive vascular network

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2
Q

define angiogenesis

A

the growth of new vessels from pre-existing blood vessels

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3
Q

what does the aortic sac form from?

A

it is an extension of the truncus arteriosus of the primordial heart

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4
Q

what do the aortic branches develop from?

A

the aortic sac

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5
Q

what join together to form aortic arches?

A

aortic branches and pharyngeal arch arteries

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6
Q

how many pairs of aortic arches are there?

A

6, although not all are present at the same time

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7
Q

where do the aortic arches terminate?

A

the dorsal aorta

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8
Q

what is the fate of the 1st and 2nd aortic arches?

A

they disappear early but the remnants of the 1st arch form the maxillary artery

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9
Q

what is the fate of the 3rd aortic arch?

A

it becomes the commencement of the internal carotid artery and is therefore named the acrotid arch

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10
Q

what is the fate of the right 4th aortic arch?

A

the right subclavian vein

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11
Q

what is the fate of the 4th left aortic arch?

A

the distal part of the aortic arch

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12
Q

what is the fate of the 5th aortic arch?

A

it either doesn’t form or it regresses

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13
Q

what is the fate of the right 6th aortic arch?

A

the proximal part becomes the proximal part of the right pulmonary artery

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14
Q

what is the fate of the left 6th aortic arch?

A

the left pulmonary vein and the ductus arteriosus

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15
Q

what does the ductus arteriosus become after about 1-3 months?

A

the ligamentum arteriosum

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16
Q

what is an aberrant right subclavian artery?

A

a developmental condition in which the right subclavian artery has an anomalous origin (in the aortic arch) and loops round the trachea. this may compress the trachea, but is usually assympomatic

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17
Q

what causes an aberrant right subclavian artery

A

regression of the right 4th aortic arch and the right dorsal aorta

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18
Q

what is a double aortic arch?

A

a condition in which an abnormal right aortic arch develops in addition to the normal left arch. this right arch loops round the oesophagus and the trachea, which can cause constriction of both structures

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19
Q

what is patent ductus arteriosis?

A

a conditin in which the ductus arteriosus fails to close, causes breathlessness and poor weight gain after the first year of life

20
Q

what is coarctation of the aorta?

A

a condition in which the aorta is narrowed, usually in the area in which the ductus arteriosus enters.

21
Q

what is a preductal coarctation?

A

a narrowing of the aorta before the ductus arteriosus enters

22
Q

what is a postductal coarctation?

A

a narrowing of the aorta after the ductus arteriosus?

23
Q

what is the circulation in the yolk sac called?

A

vitelline circulation

24
Q

what is the circulation in the umbilical cord called?

A

umbilical circulation

25
Q

what is the circulation in all the embryo (excluding the umbilical cord and yolk sac)?

A

the cardinal circulation

26
Q

how many umbilical arteries are there?

A

2

27
Q

how many umbilical veins are there?

A

1

28
Q

what do the umbilical arteries become?

A

the proximal portion becomes the internal iliac and superior vesical branches (to urinary bladder)
distal portion degenerates and forms obliterated umbilical arteries and medial umbilical ligaments

29
Q

what are the fates of the vitelline veins?

A

vessels in the liver:

  • portal vein
  • hepatocardiac (liver to heart) part of inferior vena cava)
  • liver sinusoids
  • superior mesenteric vein
30
Q

what do the umbilical veins become?

A
  • right umbilical vein obliterates completely
  • left umbilical vein obliterates to form teres ligament of adult liver
  • ductus venosus vein obliterates to form ligamentum venosum
31
Q

what are the three cardinal veins?

A

anterior, posterior and common cardinal veins

32
Q

where do the cardinal veins drain in to?

A

the sinus venosus

33
Q

what enters each horn of the sinus venosus?

A

a vitelline vein
an umbilical vein
a common cadinal vein

34
Q

what extends from the truncus arteriosus?

A

the 6 pairs of aortic arches

35
Q

what are some venous systemic developmental conditions?

A
  • double IVC
  • absence of IVC
  • left SVC
  • double SVC
36
Q

when does the lymphatic system form and where?

A

the end of the sixth week (end of embryonic period)

it develops around the main veins

37
Q

what is the first evidence of the lymphatic system?

A

six primary lymph sacs develop, these are later joined by lymphatic vessels

38
Q

what are the important vascular structures in the circulatory transition at birth?

A

ductus venosus
foramen ovalis
ductus arteriosus

39
Q

what is the function of the ductus arteriosus before birth?

A

it shunts left umbilical blood directly to the IVC, this allows oxygenated blood to bypass the liver

40
Q

what is the function of the foramen ovale before birth?

A

allows blood to enter the left atrium from the right so blood can bypass the lungs

41
Q

what is the function of the ductus venosus before birth?

A

allows blood that escapes the right atrium to bypass the lungs

42
Q

how does the ductus venosus change after birth?

A

it becomes the ligamentum venosum

43
Q

how does the foramen ovale change after birth?

A

it closes of and tissue proliferation and adhesion seals it shut

44
Q

how does the ductus arteriosus change after birth?

A

it obliterates to form the ligamentum arteriosum

45
Q

what are the causes of patent ductus arteriosus?

A

maternal rubella infection
failure of muscular wall to contract
respiratory distress syndrome, lack of surfactant in lungs

46
Q

what causes coarctation of the aorta?

A
  • incorporation ductus arteriosus tissue into aorta which constricts
  • genetic/ environmental factors

Cardiovascular system (40 decks)

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