Anatomy of the CVS prepractical 1

Question 1

what is the function of the arteries?

Answer 1

distribute blood from the heart

Question 2

what is the function of the capillaries?

Answer 2

exchange nutrients

Question 3

what is the function of the veins?

Answer 3

Collect and return blood

Question 4

what is the function of the lymphatic system?

Answer 4

drain excess extracellular fluid fro tissues

Question 5

what lies in the middle mediastinum?

Answer 5

the heart

Question 6

what lies in the anterior mediastinum?

Answer 6

• thymus gland in children, turns into fat in adults

- sternopericardial ligaments

Question 7

where are blood vessels found?

Answer 7

everywhere but cartilage

Question 8

give some examples of tissues where there is no lymphatic drainage

Answer 8

brain, eye

Question 9

at what vertebral level does is the mediastinum separated in to superior and inferior parts?

Answer 9

T4

Question 10

what are the 2 main circulations of the CVS?

Answer 10

pulmonary

systemic

Question 11

what is the hepatic portal vein?

Answer 11

the vein that transports blood from the digestive system to the liver

Question 12

what causes hepatic portal vein hypertension?

Answer 12

liver damage, eg. from chronic alcohol consumption. As congestion of blood in liver is greater. this causes caput medusae

Question 13

where is the apex of the heart normally?

Answer 13

5th intercostal space, mid-clavicular line

Question 14

which chamber of the heart forms the majority of the anterior surface?

Answer 14

Right ventricle

Question 15

which chamber forms the base of the heart?

Answer 15

the left atrium

Question 16

which structure is directly posterior to the base of the heart?

Answer 16

the oesophagus

Question 17

between which vertebral levels does the heart lie between in the recumbent position?

Answer 17

T5-T8, it is lower when standing

Question 18

in shorter people is the heart more transverse or more vertical?

Answer 18

transverse

Question 19

where is the mediastinum?

Answer 19

area of the thoracic cavity between the pleural sacs

Question 20

where does th heart lie in children?

Answer 20

higher and more horizontal

Question 21

what is situs invertus and what does it cause in terms of the heart?

Answer 21

condition in which the major organs of the body are mirrored, it causes dextrocardia (heart on right side)

Question 22

anteriorly which costal cartilages does the heart extend down ?

Answer 22

cartilages 4-7

Question 23

what is the inner most layer of the heart wall called?

Answer 23

the endocardium

Question 24

what are the layers within the endocardium?

Answer 24

an epithelial layer, a basement membrane and a connective tissue layer

Question 25

what lies between the endocardium and the epicardium?

Answer 25

the myocardium

Question 26

what is the outer membrane of the myocardium called?

Answer 26

the epicardium (visceral layer of serous pericardium)

Question 27

what are the layers within the epicardium?

Answer 27

connective tissue layer then basement membrane then epithelium

Question 28

what lies outside the epicardium?

Answer 28

the pericardial cavity

Question 29

what are the two layers of the pericardium ?

Answer 29

• parietal layer of serous pericardium

- fibrous pericardium

Question 30

which membrane forms the cusps of heart valves?

Answer 30

the endocardium

Question 31

what lies between the cardiac myocytes?

Answer 31

intercalated discs

Question 32

how are the muscle bundles in cardiac muscle arranged?

Answer 32

in different planes to allow closing of the chamber lumen

Question 33

in which layer does fat collect around the heart?

Answer 33

the epicardium

Question 34

in which layer or the heart are the coronary arteries embedded?

Answer 34

the epicardium

Question 35

what is the fuction of chordae tendinae and papillary muscles ?

Answer 35

prevent valve failure

Question 36

what is incmpetence of heart valves?

Answer 36

widening of them

Question 37

what is stenosis of heart valves?

Answer 37

narrowing

Question 38

moving from the superior to the inferior of the heart, how are the valves arranged?

Answer 38

pulmonary valve
aortic valve
mitral valve
tricuspid valve

Question 39

which valves are semilunar valves? and how many cusps do they have?

Answer 39

aortic and pulmonary, they have 3 cusps

Question 40

which valves are the atriventricular valves?

Answer 40

mitral and btricuspid

Question 41

what is i caled when the valves of the heart become infected?

Answer 41

infective endocarditis

Question 42

what is the cardiac skeleton made of?

Answer 42

connective tissue

Question 43

what is are the functions of the cardiac skeleton?

Answer 43

structural support

electrical insulation

Question 44

in what ways does the cardiac skeleton help with structural support?

Answer 44

• it form the atrioventricular septum
• it form the roots of the great vessels
• it is the anchorage for valves
• it is the anchorage for the myocytes and capillary network

Question 45

in what ways does the cardiac skeleton help with electrical insulation?

Answer 45

it insulates the atria from the ventricles

it insulates the myocardium from the great vessels

Question 46

which structures in the aorta just superior of the aortic valve are the start of the coronary arteries?

Answer 46

the aortic sinuses

Question 47

when does blood enter the aortic sinuses and the coronary arteries?

Answer 47

during diastole, the elstic recoil of the aorta closes the aortic valve and blood enters

Question 48

what are the attachments of the heart?

Answer 48

central tendon of diaphragm, sternum, roots of great vessels

Question 49

what secretes pericardial fluid?

Answer 49

the serous pericardium

Question 50

what is the purpose of pericardial fluid?

Answer 50

lubricant

Question 51

are the visceral and parietal serous pericardia two separate membranes or a continuous membrane?

Answer 51

one continuous membrane