Anatomy of the CVS prepractical 1 Flashcards
what is the function of the arteries?
distribute blood from the heart
what is the function of the capillaries?
exchange nutrients
what is the function of the veins?
Collect and return blood
what is the function of the lymphatic system?
drain excess extracellular fluid fro tissues
what lies in the middle mediastinum?
the heart
what lies in the anterior mediastinum?
- thymus gland in children, turns into fat in adults
- sternopericardial ligaments
where are blood vessels found?
everywhere but cartilage
give some examples of tissues where there is no lymphatic drainage
brain, eye
at what vertebral level does is the mediastinum separated in to superior and inferior parts?
T4
what are the 2 main circulations of the CVS?
pulmonary
systemic
what is the hepatic portal vein?
the vein that transports blood from the digestive system to the liver
what causes hepatic portal vein hypertension?
liver damage, eg. from chronic alcohol consumption. As congestion of blood in liver is greater. this causes caput medusae
where is the apex of the heart normally?
5th intercostal space, mid-clavicular line
which chamber of the heart forms the majority of the anterior surface?
Right ventricle
which chamber forms the base of the heart?
the left atrium
which structure is directly posterior to the base of the heart?
the oesophagus
between which vertebral levels does the heart lie between in the recumbent position?
T5-T8, it is lower when standing
in shorter people is the heart more transverse or more vertical?
transverse
where is the mediastinum?
area of the thoracic cavity between the pleural sacs
where does th heart lie in children?
higher and more horizontal
what is situs invertus and what does it cause in terms of the heart?
condition in which the major organs of the body are mirrored, it causes dextrocardia (heart on right side)
anteriorly which costal cartilages does the heart extend down ?
cartilages 4-7
what is the inner most layer of the heart wall called?
the endocardium
what are the layers within the endocardium?
an epithelial layer, a basement membrane and a connective tissue layer
what lies between the endocardium and the epicardium?
the myocardium
what is the outer membrane of the myocardium called?
the epicardium (visceral layer of serous pericardium)
what are the layers within the epicardium?
connective tissue layer then basement membrane then epithelium
what lies outside the epicardium?
the pericardial cavity
what are the two layers of the pericardium ?
- parietal layer of serous pericardium
- fibrous pericardium
which membrane forms the cusps of heart valves?
the endocardium
what lies between the cardiac myocytes?
intercalated discs
how are the muscle bundles in cardiac muscle arranged?
in different planes to allow closing of the chamber lumen
in which layer does fat collect around the heart?
the epicardium
in which layer or the heart are the coronary arteries embedded?
the epicardium
what is the fuction of chordae tendinae and papillary muscles ?
prevent valve failure
what is incmpetence of heart valves?
widening of them
what is stenosis of heart valves?
narrowing
moving from the superior to the inferior of the heart, how are the valves arranged?
pulmonary valve
aortic valve
mitral valve
tricuspid valve
which valves are semilunar valves? and how many cusps do they have?
aortic and pulmonary, they have 3 cusps
which valves are the atriventricular valves?
mitral and btricuspid
what is i caled when the valves of the heart become infected?
infective endocarditis
what is the cardiac skeleton made of?
connective tissue
what is are the functions of the cardiac skeleton?
structural support
electrical insulation
in what ways does the cardiac skeleton help with structural support?
- it form the atrioventricular septum
- it form the roots of the great vessels
- it is the anchorage for valves
- it is the anchorage for the myocytes and capillary network
in what ways does the cardiac skeleton help with electrical insulation?
it insulates the atria from the ventricles
it insulates the myocardium from the great vessels
which structures in the aorta just superior of the aortic valve are the start of the coronary arteries?
the aortic sinuses
when does blood enter the aortic sinuses and the coronary arteries?
during diastole, the elstic recoil of the aorta closes the aortic valve and blood enters
what are the attachments of the heart?
central tendon of diaphragm, sternum, roots of great vessels
what secretes pericardial fluid?
the serous pericardium
what is the purpose of pericardial fluid?
lubricant
are the visceral and parietal serous pericardia two separate membranes or a continuous membrane?
one continuous membrane
