CVS prepractical 1 Flashcards
what are the main components of the superior mediastinum?
glandular plane-thymus gland
venous plane- brachiocephalic vein, superior vena cava
visceral plane- trachea, oesophagus
lymphatic plane- thoracic duct
what are the main components of the posterior mediastinum?
oesophagus vagus nerve azygous vein sympathetic trunk thoracic duct descending aorta splanchnic nerve
describe the course of the cephalic vein
travels up the limb on the lateral side, drains into the axillary vein below the clavicle
describe the course of the basilic vein
travels up the median side and becomes continuous with the brachial veins (deep veins accompanying the brachial artery
describe the course of the meian cubital vein
connects the cephalic and basilic across the cubital fossa
where doe the superficial veins of the lower limb arise?
the dorsal arch of the foot
describe the course of the long saphenous vein
travels up the lower limb medially to drain into the femoral veinproxi
describe the course of the short saphenous vein
travels up the limb posteriorly to drain in to the popliteal vein
what does the popliteal vein become proximally?
femoral veinfemoral vein
what does the femoral vein become proximally?
the external iliac vein
what does the subclavian artery become at the lateral border of the 1st rib?
the axillary artery
what does the axillary artery become at the inferior border of the teres major muscle?
brachial artery
where does the brachial artery divide into the radial and ulnar arteries?
the cubital fossa
what do the radial and ulnar arteries become in the hands?
palmar arches which give off the digital arteries
what does the external iliac artery become in the anterior thigh?
the common femoral artery
what does the common femoral artery brach off to give ?
the superficial and deep femoral arteries
what does the superficial femoral artery become at the popliteal fossa?
the popliteal artery
what does the popliteal artery branch off to give in the leg?
the anterior and posterior tibial arteries
what does the posterior tibial artery give off before continuing down the medial side of the leg ?
the fibular artery
what does th posterior tibial artery become at the plantar surface of the foot?
the medial and lateral plantar arteries
describe the course of the anterior tibial artery?
it extends down the anterior of the leg to the dorsum of the foot where it becomes the dorsalis pedis between the 1st and 2nd toes
what are the three layers of the wall of blood vessels?
tunica intima
tunica media
tunica adventitia
what is the intima formed of?
a single layer of endothelial cells and a small amount of subendothelial connective tissue.
what separates the intima from the media in a blood vessel?
the internal elastic lamina
what is the function of the tunica media of blood vessels?
structural support, vasoreactivity and elasticity
what is the tunica media composed of?
smooth muscle, elastic fibres and connective tissue
what seperates the tunica media from the tunica adventitia?
external elastic lamina- a dense elastic membrane
what is the tunica adventitia composed of?
connective tissue, nutrient vessels (vasa vasorum) and autonomic nerves (nervi vasorum)
what are vasa vasorum?
the vessels that supply the very large blood vessels with a blood supply
how do arteries differ from veins?
- they are thicker walled
- their lumens are smaller relative to wall size
- contain more smooth muscle
what is the main characteristic of muscular arteries?
thick smooth muscle in wall and few elastic fibres
what is the function of muscular arteries?
they are the smaller distributing arteries
give some examples of muscular arteries?
brachial, radial, femoral, posterior tibial, coronary
where are elastic arteries found?
receiving blood directly from the heart, they are larger conducting arteries
what is the main feature of elastic arteries?
numerous laminae of dark staining, wavy, elastic fibres in wall amongst smooth muscle fibres
give some examples of elastic fibres?
aorta, pulmonary
what are the two pericardia?
serous and fibrous
what are the musculi pectinati?
the “comb-like” muscles on the wall of the right atrium of the heart
how many papillary muscles are there in the right ventricle?
three
what are the trabeculae carneae?
the ciontractile flashy struts in the vetricles
what is the function of the moderator band?
prevent suction in ventricles which would decrease pumping efficiency
what is the moderator band?
the band of muscle in the right ventricle that extend for the base of the papillary muscles to the interventricular septum
how much thicker is the wall of the left ventricle compared to the right?
3x
what does the right coronary artery run in?
cornory (atrioventricular) sulcus
what branches off the right coronary artery at the inferior margin of the heart?
the right marginal artery
what does the RCA give off in the posterior surface of the heart?
the posterior (interventricular) descending artery
what does the LCA give off almost immediately?
the left anterior descending anterior (interventricular) artery
what does the left coronary artery branch off to give?
the anterior descending artery and the circumflex artery
where are the two anastomoses found in the heart?
- between the anterior descending artery and the anterior descending artery
- between the circumlfex artery and the RCA
what are the two major sulci that contain coronary artery branches and which arteries do they contain?
- the coronary sulcus (atrioventricular) sulcus
- the interventricular
what are the 4 cardiac veins?
great cardiac vein
middle cardiac vein
small cardiac vein
anterior cardiac veins
which artery does the great cardiac vein lie along side?
the anterior interventricular (descending) artery
which artery does the middle cardiac vein lie along side?
the posterior interventricular (descending ) artery
what does the small cardiac vein lie along side?
the right marginal artery
what do the great cardiac, middle cardiac and small cardiac vain drain into?
the coronary sinus, this drains into the right atrium
where does the coronary sinus lie?
alongside the circumflex artery
where does the anterior cardiac veins drain into?
directly into the right atrium
what supplies the heart and visceral layer of serous pericardium with sympathetic nerve innervation?
sympathetic cardiac fibres from the cervical and upper thoracic sympathetic ganglia
what supplies the heart and visceral layer of serous pericardium with parasympathetic nerve supply?
the vagus nerve
what innervates the parietal layer of the serous pericardium and the fibrous pericardium?
the phrenic nerve, only with pain sensation
describe the conduction through the heart?
- signals arise in the sinoatrial node
- atria condract and signal travels to atrioventricular node
- after a delay the stimulus is conducted through the bundle of his the the left and right bundle branches and Purkinje fibres,
4, first to the endocardium then to the epicardium
