imaging circulatory disturbances

Question 1

what are the 3 vascular imaging techniques?

Answer 1

radionucleotide imaging
MRI functional imaging
ultrasound

Question 2

what are the properties of an ideal man-made contrast agent?

Answer 2

Differential X Ray attenuation
Inert
Stable in selected body compartments
Painless
Easy to use
Cheap

Question 3

what are the problems with iodinated contrast?

Answer 3

Major Reactions- acute anaphylaxis very rare
Renal Dysfunction
Disturbance of Thyroid Metabolism
Disturbance of Clotting
Seizures
Pulmonary oedema

Question 4

what are the side effects of parenteral iodinated contrasts?

Answer 4

metallic taste
feeling of warmth
arterial injections can causes micturition (urination) and discomfort
nausea (rarely)

Question 5

what are the contrindiations for parenteral iodinated contrast ?

Answer 5

previous contrast allergy
asthma/atopy
poor renal function
metformin (a DM drug which can cause renal impairment)

Question 6

name some pocedures an interventional radiologist can carry out?

Answer 6

Angiography / Angioplasty
Embolisation
Catheter thrombolysis
Drainage of abscesses
Nephrostomy
Vertebroplasty

Question 7

when can angioplasry be used?

Answer 7

short stenoses or occlusions

sessil/concentric plaques

Question 8

what is used in negative contrast?

Answer 8

carbon dioxide

Question 9

when is avnegative contrast agent used over a iodine containing contrast?

Answer 9

patients with poor renal function

sensitivity to iodinated contrast agents

Question 10

what are the potential problems with angioplasty?

Answer 10

Occlusion
Dissection
Embolisation
Rupture
Infection

Question 11

what are the pros and cons of ultrasound for imaging vasculature?

Answer 11

pros:
quick
no radiation
non-invasive

cons:
resolution vs penetration
may be more physiological
operator dependant

Question 12

what are the pros nd cons of nuclear medicine?

Answer 12

pros:
Good patient compliance
Easy to arrange

cons:
IV injection only
Radiation dose
Very insensitive
Very non-specific

Question 13

what are the pros and coms of CT angiography?

Answer 13

pros:
Gives information about other structures
Sensitive
IV injection only

cons:Radiation Dose
High Contrast Dose
Expensive

Question 14

what are the pros and cons of magnetic resonance angiography?

Answer 14

pros:
Sensitive
Specific
No radiation
No nephrotoxic contrast

cons:
Very expensive
Needs state of the art machinery
High contrast cost