Thde respiratory system Flashcards
What is the process called when O2 is used by cell mitocondria?
Cellular respiration
Cellular respiration is a complex process that sees glucose broken down into ___and ____with a release of energy
Co2 and H20
What is the 4 componets of respiration?
a) Ventilation
b) gas exchange
c) the transport of oxygen and Co2 in the blood
d) gas exchange between blood and tissues
What are the auxillary roles of respiration? (5)
Regulation of PH Production if chemical mediators voice olfaction - smelling protection by traping microorganisms
Describe ventilation
the process of mooving air containing O2 into the lungs and remooving Co2 from the lungs
Where does gas exchange occur?
in the lungs between air and blood
What makes up the thoracic cavity?
- Thoraric vertebrae
- ribs
- costal cartilages
- Sternum
- musccles
To get air to move into the lungs the pressure inside the thorax must be ______________.
Less than atmospheric pressure
What and where are the 6 parts of the conducting zone?
What takes place here?
External nose Nasal cavity Pharynx Larynx Trachea Bronchi Lungs
The moovment, cleaning, warming and humidificaation
What is the respiratory zone refering to?
lungs
What is the external noze made of?
Hyaline cartilage
Nasal bones
Frontal and maxillary bones
What seperates the nose into left and right?
nasal septum
NASAL CAVITY
Extends from the _____(nostrils) to the ______where the pharynx begins.
The anterior part of the cavity just inside the Nares is the _________
NARES (nostrils) to the CHOANAE
VESTIBULE
What are the ttwo bones in the posterier part of the nasal septum?
Vomer bone inferiorly
Ethmoid bone superiorly
3 bony ridges, the _________modify the shape of the lateral nasal cavity wall.
Conchae
The superior meatus and middle meatus have openings from where?
Paranasal sinuses
The inferior meatus has an opening into where?
The nasolacrimal duct
What does the naso lacrimal duct do?
drains tears
What are the 5 roles of the nasal cavity?
- air passage way
- cleans the air
- humidifies and warms air
- contains aofactory epithelium
- voice sound
Where is the nasopharynx located?
Is located posterior to the ____and superior to ________
choanae and superior to the SOFT PALATE
What prevents food from entering the nasal cavity?
the soft palate
The___________ from the middle ear cavities open into the nasopharynx.
EUSTACHIAN TUBES
What is the name of where the oral cavity oppwns into the oropharynx?
Fauces
LARYNGOPHARYNX
Extends from the tip of the ________to the ________and passes ________to the LARYNX. Food and drink pass through the laryngopharynx into the oesophagus
epiglotis
oesophagus
posteriorly
The Larynx extends from the ________to the _______.
Base of the tounge to the trachea
What are the 3 unpaired cartilidges in the Larynx?
Thyroid
Cricoid
Epiglotis
Wich unpaired cartilidge is at the base of the larynx?
cricoid
What are the 3 paired cartilidges innthe larynx?
Arytenoid
Corniculate
Cuneiform
What are the vocal folds made of and what are they attatched to?
the vocal folds are a mucus membrane covering the inferior ligament attatched to the arytenoid cartiladge
What is the mucus membrane of the superior ligament attatched to the arytenoid called?
The vestibular fold
What is the term for the vocal folds and the opening between them?
The glottis
The vestibular and vocal cords are covered with _________ _______ epithelium.
stratified squamous epithelium.
The remainder of the larynx is covered with ________ ____ ______ epithelium.
pseudostratified ciliated columnar
What is the trachea made up of?
Dense regular connective tissue, smooth muscle
What re-inforces the traches
15-20 C shaped cartilidges
What kind of cells secrete mucus in the trachea?
Goblet cells
What kind of epithilium lines the trachea
Pseudostratified ciliated epitelium
What happens at the 5th thoracic vertebra?
trachea divides into 2 bronchi
Where the trachea branches, what is the inferior cartilidge called?
Carina
The main bronchi divide into _________I, __in the left lung and ___ in the right.
Lobar bronchi, 2, 3
The lobar bronchi continue to divide into the _________BRONCHI finally giving rise to ________that have a diameter of approximately 1mm.
The bronchioles subdivide further to form _________BRONCHIOLES.
Segmental
Bronchioles
Terminal
Terminal bronchioles divide further to become ________BRONCHIOLES.
Respiritaory
Respiratory Bronchioles branch again to become _____________ that have many more alveoli associated with them.
Aveolar ducts
What 2 kinds of cells make alveolus?
Type 1 pneumocyte
Type 2 pneumocyte
Which type of pneumocyte does the most gas exchange?
Type 1
What type of cells are Tpe 1 pneumocytes?
Simple squamus epithelial
What type of cells are type 2 pneumocytes and what do they secrete?
Cuboidal
surfactant
What does surfactant do?
Make it easier for the alveoli to expand
What seperates the left and right lung?
the mediastinum
What muscle is used in normal quiet breathing>
The diafragm
What muscles are brought into play if the diafragm is not enough
accessory musscles
What do the accesory muscles change the position of?
Ribs and sternum
At rest (end of expiration) the ribs are directed slightly ______-.
On inspiration muscles attached to the ribs cause them to move _____and _______.
Downwards
UPAWRDS AND FORWARD
what gropu of muscles cause the rib cage to moove up and the sternum forward?
External intercostals
What 4 other muscles have the capacity to change lung capacity?
Pectoralis Major
Levatores costarum
Serratus posterior superior
Scalenes
