Protein senthisis and cell division Flashcards
All proteins are made of atoms of what?
carbon, oxygen, hydrogen and nitrogen
some also contain sulphur and phosphorus
How many common amino acids are there
20
What 3 factors about amino acid chains determine the differences in proteins
- The length of the chain
- The type of amino acid
- The position of the amino acid in the chain
The characteristics of the amino acids in a protein ultimately determine the _____ of the _____ of a protein determines it’s function.
3D shape
Where is the amino acid sequence for each protein held?
In the DNA
What is a GENE?
A piece of DNA that determines the amino acid sequence for a particular protein
What is DNA made of?
deoxyribose sugar and 4 nucleotide bases; adenine, cytosine, thymine and guanine (A,C,T,G).
Wich bases always pair with eachother?
adenine and thymine
cytosine and guanine
How many DNA bases code for each amino acid?
3
What does the Promoter reigon of a gene do?
It regulates its activity. The triplets in this region provide instructions like; “do (or do not) read this gene,” “gene starts here (AUG),” or “gene ends here” (UAG, UGA or UAA).
Where is the amino acid chain made?
In the ribosome, wich is in the cytoplasm
DNA is too large to pass through the nuclear membrabe. How does the code pass through the membrane?
The cell makes a copy of the DNA base sequence in messenger RNA (mRNA).
The mRNA can fit through the membrane and send the message to the ribosome
What is the backbone bit of DNA made of?
What is the backbone bit of RNA made of?
Deoxyribose and phosphate
Ribeoseugar
The bases on the mRNA copy are complementary (a match) to the DNA original, except that _____ substitutes for _____.
Uracil (U) subsitutes for Thymine (T)
if the DNA base sequence of a gene was:-
AAA CGT CTT TAA AAA
What would we expect mRNA to be
UUU GCA GAA AUU UUU
Each triplet of bases on the mRNA is called a _____ and codes for one AA.
Codon
What is an Intron?
Before the mRNA copy leaves the nucleus an RNA “editing process” takes place where parts of the gene are removed (spliced out).
The removed sections are called INTRONS
Where is the amino acid chain built?
In the ribosome
One end of each tRNA molecule binds to one type of amino acid.
The other end has a 3 nucleotide base triplet called an _________.
anticodon
What releases the amino acid onto the chain?
the tRNA
What des diploid mean?
having 2 sets of chromosones
What is a cell with only one set of chromosones called
Haploid
What is the process called where a daughter cell gets a complete set of chromosones from a diploid parent?
Mitosis
What kind of cells are haploid?
How many chromosones do they have
Sperm and ova
22 plus either X or Y
Where in the cell does mitosis happen?
S phase
What are the duplicate copies called?
Chromatids
What epithelial tissue would you find in the alveoli?
Simple squamous
What epithlial tissue would you find in the terminal bronchioles?
simple cuboidal
What epithilial tissue would you find in the bronchiloles
Simple columnar
Where would you find stratified squamous epithilium?
Where would you find unkeratenized stratified squamous epithilium?
Skin
Mouth throat larynx and oesophegus
Where would you find stratified cuboidal?
In glands
What kind of epithelium is in the larynx?
Stratified columnar
Where would you find pseudostratified columnar epithelium?
Lining of nasal cavity, nasal sinuses, auditory tubes, pharynx, trachea, bronchi of lungs.
Produce and secrete mucus onto the surface. Ciliated to move material on the cell surface.
What is ground substance?
Unstructured material that filles the space between cells
What is the strongest and most abundant fibre?
Collagen
What are recticular fibres?
Very fine collagen like fibres
What kind of gland secretrs into the extracellular space?
Endocrince
What kind of gland secretes onto a surface?
An exocrine
What is heparin?
An anticillagualent
What does histamine do?
increases capillary permeability
what are proteases?
protein-degrading enzymes
