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Anatomy and Phsiology > Protein senthisis and cell division > Flashcards

Protein senthisis and cell division Flashcards

1
Q

All proteins are made of atoms of what?

A

carbon, oxygen, hydrogen and nitrogen

some also contain sulphur and phosphorus

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2
Q

How many common amino acids are there

A

20

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3
Q

What 3 factors about amino acid chains determine the differences in proteins

A
  • The length of the chain
  • The type of amino acid
  • The position of the amino acid in the chain
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4
Q

The characteristics of the amino acids in a protein ultimately determine the _____ of the _____ of a protein determines it’s function.

A

3D shape

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5
Q

Where is the amino acid sequence for each protein held?

A

In the DNA

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6
Q

What is a GENE?

A

A piece of DNA that determines the amino acid sequence for a particular protein

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7
Q

What is DNA made of?

A

deoxyribose sugar and 4 nucleotide bases; adenine, cytosine, thymine and guanine (A,C,T,G).

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8
Q

Wich bases always pair with eachother?

A

adenine and thymine

cytosine and guanine

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9
Q

How many DNA bases code for each amino acid?

A

3

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10
Q

What does the Promoter reigon of a gene do?

A

It regulates its activity. The triplets in this region provide instructions like; “do (or do not) read this gene,” “gene starts here (AUG),” or “gene ends here” (UAG, UGA or UAA).

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11
Q

Where is the amino acid chain made?

A

In the ribosome, wich is in the cytoplasm

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12
Q

DNA is too large to pass through the nuclear membrabe. How does the code pass through the membrane?

A

The cell makes a copy of the DNA base sequence in messenger RNA (mRNA).
The mRNA can fit through the membrane and send the message to the ribosome

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13
Q

What is the backbone bit of DNA made of?

What is the backbone bit of RNA made of?

A

Deoxyribose and phosphate

Ribeoseugar

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14
Q

The bases on the mRNA copy are complementary (a match) to the DNA original, except that _____ substitutes for _____.

A

Uracil (U) subsitutes for Thymine (T)

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15
Q

if the DNA base sequence of a gene was:-
AAA CGT CTT TAA AAA
What would we expect mRNA to be

A

UUU GCA GAA AUU UUU

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16
Q

Each triplet of bases on the mRNA is called a _____ and codes for one AA.

A

Codon

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17
Q

What is an Intron?

A

Before the mRNA copy leaves the nucleus an RNA “editing process” takes place where parts of the gene are removed (spliced out).

The removed sections are called INTRONS

18
Q

Where is the amino acid chain built?

A

In the ribosome

19
Q

One end of each tRNA molecule binds to one type of amino acid.
The other end has a 3 nucleotide base triplet called an _________.

A

anticodon

20
Q

What releases the amino acid onto the chain?

A

the tRNA

21
Q

What des diploid mean?

A

having 2 sets of chromosones

22
Q

What is a cell with only one set of chromosones called

A

Haploid

23
Q

What is the process called where a daughter cell gets a complete set of chromosones from a diploid parent?

A

Mitosis

24
Q

What kind of cells are haploid?

How many chromosones do they have

A

Sperm and ova

22 plus either X or Y

25
Q

Where in the cell does mitosis happen?

A

S phase

26
Q

What are the duplicate copies called?

A

Chromatids

27
Q

What epithelial tissue would you find in the alveoli?

A

Simple squamous

28
Q

What epithlial tissue would you find in the terminal bronchioles?

A

simple cuboidal

29
Q

What epithilial tissue would you find in the bronchiloles

A

Simple columnar

30
Q

Where would you find stratified squamous epithilium?

Where would you find unkeratenized stratified squamous epithilium?

A

Skin

Mouth throat larynx and oesophegus

31
Q

Where would you find stratified cuboidal?

A

In glands

32
Q

What kind of epithelium is in the larynx?

A

Stratified columnar

33
Q

Where would you find pseudostratified columnar epithelium?

A

Lining of nasal cavity, nasal sinuses, auditory tubes, pharynx, trachea, bronchi of lungs.

Produce and secrete mucus onto the surface. Ciliated to move material on the cell surface.

34
Q

What is ground substance?

A

Unstructured material that filles the space between cells

35
Q

What is the strongest and most abundant fibre?

A

Collagen

36
Q

What are recticular fibres?

A

Very fine collagen like fibres

37
Q

What kind of gland secretrs into the extracellular space?

A

Endocrince

38
Q

What kind of gland secretes onto a surface?

A

An exocrine

39
Q

What is heparin?

A

An anticillagualent

40
Q

What does histamine do?

A

increases capillary permeability

41
Q

what are proteases?

A

protein-degrading enzymes

Anatomy and Phsiology (15 decks)

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