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Neuroscience and Head and Neck Anatomy > Thalamus > Flashcards

Thalamus Flashcards

1
Q

All sensory information except for […] does through the thalamus.

A

Olfaction

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2
Q
A
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3
Q
A
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4
Q

What pathways project to VPL and VPM of thalamus?

VPL = ventral posterior lateral

VPM = ventral posterior medial

A

VPL: Somatosensory input from body (dorsal columns and spinothalamic system)

VPM: Somatosensory input from face (trigeminal system)

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5
Q

What pathways project to the VL of thalamus?

VL = ventral lateral

A

Motor input from the cerebellum and basal ganglia

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6
Q

What pathways project to the VA of thalamus?

VA = ventral anterior

A

Cognitive and motor input from basal ganglia

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7
Q

What pathways projec to the LGN of thalamus?

LGN = lateral geniculate nucleus

A

Input from optic nerve

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8
Q

What pathways project to MGN of thalamus?

MGN = medial geniculate nucleus

A

Input from cochlear nuclei

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9
Q

What pathways project to the MD nucleus of thalamus?

What system is this a part of?

MD = medial dorsal

A
  • Cognitive input from basal ganglia
  • Limbic
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10
Q

What pathways project to the Anterior nucleus of thalamus?

What system is this a part of?

A

Mammillary bodies of hypothalamus

Limbic

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11
Q

What pathways project to the Pulvinar nucleus of thalamus?

A

Diffuse projects from frontal cortex and superior colliculus

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12
Q

What pathways project to the intralaminar Nuclei of thalamus?

A

Input from reticular formation to maintain an alert and conscious state

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13
Q

What is the function of the reticular nucleus of the thalamus?

A

It is a sheath around the whole thalamus that functions as an intrinsic GABAergic netowrk that regulates the other thalamic nuclei

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14
Q

Describe direct the cognitive circuit that connects the cortex, basal ganglia, substantia nigra and thalamus.

A
  1. Prefrontal, parietal, and temporal association cortices send projections to the striatum (caudate nucleus) and release glutamate onto caudate thus stimulating the caudate.
  2. Caudate is stimulated to release more GABA onto substantia nigra.
  3. Substantia nigra is placed under increased inhibition from caudate and thus releases less GABA onto VA and MD nuclei of thalamus.
  4. MD and VA nuclei of thalamus are receiving a lower amount of GABA so they are able to release more glutamate back onto prefrontal cortex and stimulates cognition of motor activity.
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15
Q

Describe indirect the cognitive circuit that connects the cortex, basal ganglia, substantia nigra and thalamus.

A
  1. Prefrontal, parietal and temporal association cortices send projections to caudate nucleus (striatum) and release glutamate to stimulate caudate.
  2. Caudate is stimulated to release more of its NT, GABA, onto GPE.
  3. GPE is inhibited by increased GABA from caudate, as such it releases less of its NT, GABA.
  4. Decreased GABA from GPE stimulates the subthalamic nuclei. As such, it releases more glutamate onto the substantia nigra thus stimulating the SN.
  5. SN is stimulated to release more of its NT, GABA, onto its target, the VA and MD of thalamus.
  6. VA and MD of thalamus are under increased inhibition from SN so they release less glutamate back onto prefrontal cortex resulting in net decrease in cognitive involvement of motor activity.
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16
Q

What 4 simple divisions can the thalamic nuclei be grouped into.

A

Anterior

Lateral

Medial

Internal Medullary

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17
Q

In general, the function of the […] nuclei are similar to those of the intralaminar nuclei.

A

Medial thalamic nuclei

18
Q

What nuclei of the thalamus are considered specific relay nuclei that receive either specific sensory or motor input from the rest of the body?

A

VPL

VPM

VL

VA

LGN

MGN

19
Q

What nuclei of the thalamus are considered association nuclei?

A

Pulvinar

Mediodorsal (MD)

Anterior

20
Q

Pulvinar nucleus

  • Receives input from […] and […]
  • Sends output to […] (3 places)
  • Function
A
  • Superior colliculus; cortex
  • Parietal, temporal and occipital association areas
  • Behavioral orientation toward relevant stimuli
21
Q

Mediodorsal Nucleus

  • Receives input from […]
  • Sends output to […]
A
  • Diffuse relay of limbic and cognitive inputs
  • Frontal cortex
22
Q

Anterior Nucleus

  • Receives input from […]
  • Sends output to […]
  • Function
A
  • Input from hippocampus via mamillary bodies of hypothalamus
  • Cingulate
  • Limbic function
23
Q
  • What is unique about the reticular nuclei of the thalamus?
  • Where do they receive input from?
A
  • They do not project outisde the thalamus but instead project to other areas of thalamus
  • Other thalamic nuclei, reticular activating system in brainstem, cortex
24
Q

LGN receives input from […]

LGN projects to […]

A

Retina via optic tract, reticular activating system, primary visual cortex

Primary visual cortex

25
Q

Where does the pulvinar nucleus project to?

A

Occpital, parietal, tempral cortices

26
Q

Where does the MGN receive input from?

Where does it project to?

A

Inferior colliculus

Primary auditory cortex

27
Q

Where do VPM and VPL project to?

A

Somatosensory cortex in parietal lobe

28
Q

Where does VL and VA project to?

A

Motor cortex in frontal lobe

29
Q

Where does MD project to?

A

Prefrontal cortex

30
Q

Where does Anterior nucleus project to?

A

Cingulate gyrus in frontal lobe

31
Q

What structures are shown by A and B?

A

A = mamillary bodies of hypothalamus

B = anterior nuceus of thalamus

32
Q

What artery in the brain provides blood to the thalamus?

A

Posterior cerebral artery

33
Q

Explain how the firing pattern of neurons in the thalamus can affect the passage of information through the thalamus.

A

In A (top), there is a rhythmic, tonic bursting pattern that allows the noted NTs to be released through the thalamus.

In B (bottom) there is a more concentrated firing pattern that prevents NTs from moving through the thalamus. This happen when we are sleeping.

34
Q
  • What is thalamic pain?
  • Where is the damage in the thalamus?
A
  • Intense pain that results from small lesions (tumors). Pain is on the contralateral side of the head/body from the lesion.
  • VPM and/or VPL
35
Q

Degenerative lesions in the VPM and VL can cause a loss of what information?

A

Loss of somatic sensation on the contralateral head or body. Sensation from the spinothalamic tract typically returns but the dorsal columns sensation is permanently lost.

36
Q

What is thalamic syndrome?

A

Severe damage to the posterior thalamus, often including internal capsle and basal ganglia. Symptoms include thalamic pain, hemiparesis, involuntary movement.

37
Q

What would happen if you had damage to the pulvinar nucleus of thalamus?

A

Loss of visual attentiveness

38
Q

What would happen if you had damage to the VA and VL nuclei of thalamus?

A

Movement disorders characteristic of basal ganglia and cerebellar damage

39
Q

What would happen if you had damage to the MD and Anterior nuclei of thalamus?

A

Memory loss - anterior nucleus involved in formation of new memories

Loss of perception and affect - MD connection with prefrontal cortex and important for affective behaviors and perception (foresight). Bilateral damage to MD similar symptoms as prefrontal lobotomy.

40
Q

What would happen if you had damage to the intralaminar nuclei?

A

Loss of arousal

Neuroscience and Head and Neck Anatomy (40 decks)

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