Text book begining Flashcards
What is the most obvious form of urban change ?
The growth of urban areas.
Does Urban decay affect whole towns and cities?
Fortunately the converse, urban decay, rarely effects whole towns and cities but is found in localised pockets.
What does the term urban change cover?
Urban growth and decay are only one mode of urban change.
In fact, the term ‘urban change’ covers many changes which are happening today at a range of spatial scales, from global to local.
They are also occurring at a variety of different speeds.
Of these changes, the most important are those occurring globally.
Compare two statistics, from different times of how many people lived and worked in towns and cities.
In 1800, only 5 per cent of the world’s population lived and worked in towns and cities.
Today, roughly 50 per cent of the global population is reckoned to be urban, and by 2030 the figure is expected to rise to 60 per cent.
How have the rates of urbanisation shifted across the world?
One hundred years ago, the fastest rates of urbanisation occurred in what is often described as the Developed World – i.e. the MEDCs.
Today, the fastest rates of urbanisation are taking place in the LEDCs of the so-called Developing World.
The shift is forecast to continue well past 2030.
How are large cities changing in their distribution?
The majority of them are to be found in the Developing World, particularly south and south-east Asia.
How many big cities are there?
There are 17 with populations greater than 10 million.
Below them, there are cities with populations between 5 and 10 million.
What is it called when cities are engulfing other towns and cities.
They form vast urban agglomerations.
Give some examples of mega-cities.
Among these ‘urban giants’ is a very select band known as the ‘world cities’.
They include London, New York and Tokyo and, because of their status and influence, they are power points of the global economy.
What makes mega-cities important?
They are the places where vital decisions about the global economy are made.
What are 5 strands of urbanisation?
Economy, population, settlements, lifestyle and environment.
What are the 5 abbreviation for the stages of the urbanisation pathway?
LDCs, LEDCs, RICs, NICs, MEDCs
On the urbanisation pathway explain LDCs
The rural society phase; low levels of urbanisation; largely rural population of subsistence farmers.
On the urbanisation pathway explain LEDCs
Economic take off begins; rapid rural-to-urban migration leads to an accelerating rate of ubanisation.
On the urbanisation pathway explain RICs
Maturing economy; rates of urbanisation continue to rise but then start to slacken off; suburban spread.
On the urbanisation pathway explain NICs
Mass Urbanisation in most developed nations; rate of urbanisation levels off and percentage urban peaks; most people now live in towns.
On the urbanisation pathway explain MEDCs
In advanced economies, decentalisation sets in; people move to smaller tows and cities and to semi-rural areas; urbanism continues to spread.
Give some examples of countries at stage one of the urbanisation pathway.
Ethiopia, Bangladesh, Cambodia
Give some examples of countries at stage two of the urbanisation pathway.
China Iraq Brazil
Give some examples of countries at stage three of the urbaniation pathway.
Mexico, Russian Federation, malaysia
Give some examples of countries at stage four of the urbanisation pathway.
USA, South Korea, Singapore
Give some examples of countries at stage five of the urbaniation pathway.
UK, Austrailia, Japan
Most national censuses distinguish between urban and rural settlements on the basis of what?
population size
Name some urban characteristics of people.
Easy transport, social, work close by, high population densities, distinctive lifestyles value and behaviour, diversity in terms of wealth.
Name some urban characteristics of economy.
Mainly tertiary and quaternary.
The provision of commercial and social services for local residents and those living in tertiary areas.
Name some urban characteristics of the environment.
Exclusion of the natural world.
Dominance of building and transport networks.
High levels of environmental pollution, not just water and air but also sound, light and visual pollution.
congestion particularly due to traffic, due to high building densities.
Name some of the 10 largest cities in the world.
Tokyo, Japan – 36.2 million New York City, USA – 26.7 million Mexico City, Mexico – 19.1 million Karachi – 18.6 million Mumbai, India – 18.1 million Delhi, India – 18.05 million Sáo Paulo, Brazil – 17.9 million Shanghai, China – 17.6 million Los Angeles – 17.5 million Beijing – 17.2 million
What is urbanisation?
Urbanisation is the process by which places and people become more urban.
What is the most obvious outcome of urbanisation?
Its most obvious outcome is a rise in the percentage of the population living in towns and cities.
What is the most widely used measure of the ‘urban-ness’ of a country or region?
The figure usually referred to as urban percentage.
What is the urbanisation pentagon?
-> shift in economy -> Change in population and distribution -> spread of built-up area - urban sprawl -> shift in size and character -> change in way of life ->
In the urbanisation pentagon explain a shift in the economy of a country or region.
The emphasis moves from the primary sector to manufacturing and the provision of a wide range of services.
In the urbanisation pentagon explain a change in the distribution of population.
People become more concentrated in growing towns and cities. Rural-urban migration is a major contributor.
In the urbanisation pentagon explain a change in the way life.
It is not just a change in occupation but there is a change in lifestyles, values, codes of behaviour and social institutions.
In the urbanisation pentagon explain a change in the size and character of settlements.
Differential growth sees some villages grow into towns, some towns into cities and so on.
In the urbanisation pentagon explain the spread of the built-up area.
The natural environment is progressively lost beneath an artificial environment.
What is percentage urban?
the proportion of a population living in urban areas.
What is Rural-urban migration?
the movement of people from the countryside into towns and cities.
Give some information on the close connection between urbanisation and development.
Development generate urbanisation. As countries become more developed they become more urbanised. They move along an urbanisation pathway.
What is the first phase of the urbanisation pathway?
The rural society phase.
What is the second phase of the urbanisation pathway?
Economic take-off begins.
What is the third phase of the urbanisation pathway?
Maturing economy.
What is the fourth phase of the urbanisation pathway?
. Mass urbanisation in most developed nations.
What is the fifth phase of the urbanisation pathway?
In advanced economies, decentralisation sets in.
Explain stage 1 of the urbanisation pathway.
Low levels of urbanisation; largely rural population of subsistence farmers.
Explain stage 2 of the urbanisation pathway.
Rapid rural-to-urban migration leads to an accelerating rate of urbanisation.
Explain stage 3 of the urbanisation pathway.
Rate of urbanisation levels off and percentage urban peaks; most people now live in towns.
Explain stage 4 of the urbanisation pathway.
Rates of urbanisation continue to rise but then start to slacken off; suburban spread.
Explain stage 5 of the urbanisation pathway.
People move to smaller towns and cities and to semi-rural areas; urbanism continues to spread.
Presently, there is uncertainty about the urbanisation pathway in the future, what is one suggestion?
Some suggest that the percentage urban figure will begin to decline slightly due to counter-urbanisation.
This term is particularly unfortunate for it gives the wrong impression that the new change is somehow ‘anti-urban’.
People are not abandoning towns and cities in their droves.
What urbanisation changes are taking place to businesses?
The first is that some businesses and people are opting to move out of the largest cities and into smaller cities and towns.
Explain the effect of counter urbanisation.
a relatively small number of urban businesses and people are moving out into what are seen as rural areas.
Many of these urban-rural migrants retain urban-based jobs by commuting, whilst others remain customers of urban-based services. The result is rural dilution, not ruralisation.
What might businesses moving out of cities cause?
This might be seen as ‘anti-big city’. It is not reducing the level of urbanisation. It is simply diffusing urban growth down the hierarchy.
Mumbai has grown vastly since the 1950’s showing many positive and negative impacts. Mumbai is now a world city and a mega-city.
What are the causes of urbanisation in Mumbai?
Due to industrialisation people think that there will be more jobs in cites and come in search of work. People also come due to social factors, looking for a higher standard of living and to gain education.
Mumbai; So many new workers heading to major cities cause sprawling slums to spring up give an example of a slum and explain.
An example is Dharavi slum built on a rubbish site around a water pipe. People live in very small dwellings (e.g. 12X12ft), Children play amongst sewage waste and doctors deal with 4,000 cases a day of diphtheria and typhoid.[3] It is home to over 600 000 people.
In Dharavi how many people live per toilet?
1440
What factors helped Mumbai industrialise?
Mumbai has urbanised rapidly from its origins as a fishing village over the past 60 years. It was protected from the Arabian Sea by a peninsular and it had access to sea on two sides. The British colonial administration in India developed the sheltered inlet into a major port. This made it the closest port of entry to subcontinent for travellers from Europe, through the Suez Canal.
Science 1971 how much has the population of Mumbai increased?
Since 1971, there has been a rise in the population of Mumbai, from 8 million in 1971 to 21 million now.
What is a function?
The function of an area is its reason, job or purpose for being. In urban areas this relates to the purpose of a land use.
What are functional zones?
‘functional zones’ refers to different activities, which tend to take place in different parts of a city. These functional zones include the following:
What is the Central Business District?
is usually found in the city centre and contains major shops, government buildings and headquarters of financial services.
What is a Zone of transition?
this is an area which is undergoing change. Many of the buildings have been allowed to decay and the area has a ‘run-down’ look to it. Often referred to as ‘the inner city’ and usually considered a problem area. Many of these areas have recently become part of urban-renewable schemes with new offices and housing being put in place together with the refurbishment of some older buildings.
