Birmingham Dhaka Flashcards
Why does socio-economic deprivation occur in Birmingham?
● Lack of rate revenue as wealthy move out ● Decline of jobs (decline of manufacturing industry) ● Increased congestion ● Dereliction ● Migration ● segregation of races ● Polarisation ● Unemployment in the city centre ● Influx of immigrants ● There is less population movement in and out of the suburban areas, ● wages ● High growing population
Describe unemployment and low wages in Birmingham.
● Unemployment in the city centre (the areas of the inner ring such as Sparkbrook) as jobs go to commuters from the surrounding West Midlands
● Between 2001 and 2008, average real wages in Birmingham fell by 3.5% and those of the lowest paid by 4.5% meaning opportunities of work are limited
● There is less population movement in and out of the suburban areas, and young people draw on local family connections to find work. Although this means they can bring in a wage, it also means they enter into same employment sectors as their parents, where pay, insecurity and limited advancement low are common.
● First industrial city of the world (3rd largest in the UK), this has declined creating a loss of secure jobs and disparity between different classes
Describe migration in Birmingham.
● Migration: overall, net migration for those from the EU8 was 653,000 between 2004 and 2011 leading to discrimination (male migrants have the lowest-paid occupations compared to women with professional jobs). EG language constricts employment, social networks, access to healthcare
● Inner Birmingham receives large numbers of international migrants, many of whom start without the language skills or qualifications to find good employment
● Influx of immigrants who were content with living in poor housing conditions for their affordable prices meaning housing areas become sink estates and were deprived
Describe polarization in Birmingham.
● Polarisation: the top 20 per cent owning 62 per cent and the bottom 20 per cent owning less than one per cent.
Describe segregation of races in Birmingham.
● Segregation of races (Kingstanding estate is a typically white estate with more spacious and comfortable housing compared to the Victorian slums). The most disadvantaged communities are Bangladeshis (22%), Pakistanis (21%) and the ‘other black’ groups (20%). These rates contrast with the much lower levels observed for the white population (7%)
Describe the high growing population in Birmingham.
.
Because of the high growing population (1.1 million) 2001-2013 experienced an 11% increase
What are the characteristics of urban deprivation (economic wellbeing, housing and environmental quality and social conditions) in Birmingham?
● Unemployment in the city centre (the areas of the inner ring such as Sparkbrook) as jobs go to commuters from the surrounding West Midlands
● Polarisation and segregation of races
● Lack of rate revenue as wealthy move out
● Decline of jobs
● Economic shift.
● In King’s Norton, on the very edge of the city, residents are isolated from most of the jobs in the service sector that have replaced declining industries.
● Closure of services (schools)
● Congestion of roads and the central railway system. Congestion costs the regional economy £2.2 billion per year
● Dereliction and brownfield sites (e.g. Nechells)
● Found in clusters, persistent areas, on marginal land and in fringe areas (Sparkbrook has high unemployment, low incomes, overcrowding and poor-quality housing)
● Low economic wellbeing
● Deprivation in the inner ring
● Life expectancy is 7.6 years lower for men and 6.2 years lower for women in the most deprived areas of Birmingham than in the least deprived areas.
● In Year 6, 23.9% (3,106) of children are classified as obese
Describe the urban shift in Birmingham.
In Aston, next to North Nechells, manufacturing employment fell by nearly a half between 1991 and 2001. The lost jobs in manufacturing have been replaced by work in transport and distribution, retail and wholesaling, and hotels and restaurants – all sectors where low pay, low skills and casualisation of labour are common
Describe polarisation and segregation of races in Birmingham.
(Kingstanding estate is a typically white estate with more spacious and comfortable housing compared to the Victorian slums). The most disadvantaged communities are Bangladeshis (22%), Pakistanis (21%) and the ‘other black’ groups (20%). These rates contrast with the much lower levels observed for the white population (7%)
Describe decline of jobs in Birmingham
(decline of manufacturing industry) e.g. Rover and HP Sauce and much of its industrial capacity has been lost
Describe deprivation in the inner ring in Birmingham.
The inner ring has high levels of deprivation due to terraced housing with basic water supply and basic sewage systems (as they were set up quickly in WW2 for factory workers)
What are the problems of managing the growing demand for services in Birmingham?
(health, education and public transport) (Mumbai & London has info on this too)
● Unemployment in the city centre (the areas of the inner ring such as Sparkbrook) as jobs go to commuters from the surrounding West Midlands
● Employment rate of 60.3% in 2013-14 with 16% of the working population claiming economic benefit (mostly claimed in the inner areas)
● Congestion of roads and the central railway system. Congestion costs the regional economy £2.2 billion per year
● 40% of Birmingham’s population live in areas described as in the most deprived 10% in England.
● 9th most deprived local authority in England according to the 2010 English Indices of Deprivation
● 28% of adults have no qualifications
● 24.2% live in income-deprived households with 30.5% of children living in income-deprived conditions
● Air pollution is at the upper end of the safe range (ideally could be lower) in areas such as Fairmont)
● Five Mile Creek (which is a habitat for fish as well as offering recreational activities like swimming) has been identified as impaired in terms of water quality from industrial discharge
● Infant mortality is almost double the national average
● 2012- Ofsted deemed the child protection services as inadequate
● Housing demands of 89,000 & expected to rise to over 150,000 in the next 16 years
Where is Dhaka?
Location: the capital of Bangladesh, north-west of Chandpur
Why does socio-economic deprivation occur in Dhaka?
● High population
● Long hours with low wages
● Decline of jobs (decline of manufacturing industry)
● Poor enforcement of law: 700,000 rickshaws on road but only 75,000 have a legal number
● Main causes of pollution: old, poorly maintained vehicles, dust from roads and construction sites, and toxic fumes from industrial sites, high number of brick kilns
● Unsustainable groundwater abstraction (due to 82% of city’s water supply coming from ground water as most surface run off is too polluted to drink)
● Faulty traffic signals, inadequate man power, narrow roads and over taking tendency of drivers creates prolonged traffic congestion
● Poor regulation of clean water supply among residents only 9million out of 12 million residents receive a clean water supply from Dhaka water authority
● lack of sewage infrastructure- only 1 waste water treatment plant
● Dereliction.
● Inadequate waste disposal.
● Unemployment (19%) f
Why does the high population cause socio-economic deprivation occur in Dhaka?
Because of the high population (7 million) there are very high demands and the whole rapidly growing population cannot be supported with jobs or monetary benefit (4% average growth per year).
