Port Moresby and Newcastle-upon-Tyne

Question 1

Where in Port Moresby?

Answer 1

Location: south-east Asia, capital city of Papua New Guinea (shores of Gulf of Papua).

Question 2

What are the industrial functions in Port Moresby?

Answer 2

 One oil refinery (200 billion m3 of gas in 2 of Papua New Guinea’s reserves)
 Southern Highlands and Western Province were joined with an LNG plant (natural gas)

Question 3

What are the commercial functions in Port Moresby?

Answer 3

 The Boroko Shopping Centre
 Ela Beach Hotel
 Royal Papua Yacht Club
 Crowne Plaza Port

Question 4

What are the residential functions in Port Moresby?

Answer 4

 Boroko

Question 5

What are the recreational functions in Port Moresby?

Answer 5

 18-hole international standard golf course situated in Waigani (Port Moresby Golf Club)
 Port Moresby Nature Park

Question 6

What are the tertiary functions in Port Moresby?

Answer 6

:
 Boroko East International School, Bavaroko Primary School, and Coronation Primary School
 St Joseph’s International Catholic College, Port Moresby International High School and Port Moresby Grammar School

Question 7

Land use patterns

Describe the core of Port Moresby?

Answer 7

 two exist (the historic core and the modern commercial centre)
 Crowne Plaza
 Business and banking areas (Bank of Papau New Guinea and Westpac Bank)

Question 8

Land use patterns

Describe the sub-urban ring of Port Moresby?

Answer 8

 contains detached dwellings and is low rise
 Boroko is a residential area and has facilities such as the handicraft market in the old square. Derelict areas now exist
 Unplanned settlements such as Horse Camp in the Waigani suburbs

Question 9

Land use patterns

Describe the rural fringe of Port Moresby?

Answer 9

 contains little agriculture, recreational space and large amounts of informal settlement
 growth on the peninsular
 informal settlements growth on mountain ridges and low-lying areas that are prone to flooding

Question 10

Describe the social factors that influence land-use patterns (processes)
Port Moresby

Answer 10

 Poor residents settle on the rural fringe in informal settlement accounting for the large amount of informal settlement in comparison to Australian and European residents existing in areas of better housing.
 Exclusion of the poor from the better residential areas (on the basis of tribal origins)
 Agglomeration of informal settlements from the mass rural-urban migration
 Poor public transport (one main road leading into the city from the north east: Spring Garden road), the city is comprised of 400km of paved roads however much of this is in disrepair from flooding erosion and damage in the dry season
 There are 79 unplanned settlements (such as Horse Camp)
 Historical factors: exclusion of women in development (cultural biases), only 2/12 members of the NCDC are women
 Counterurbanisation and movement away from the city leaving derelict areas (such as abandoned commercial businesses such as furniture shops)
 58% of the population are born in the National Capital District area contributing to the rapid expansion from migration

Question 11

Describe the economic factors that influence land-use patterns (processes)
Port Moresby

Answer 11

 50% unemployment rate of people in villages and settlements, with residents subsequently partaking in informal activities (E.G. selling handcrafts, betel nut vending and shoe shining). The selling of betel nuts was banned in an attempt to decrease informal activities and promote employment
 Heavy agriculture industry meaning people choose to live in rural areas

Question 12

Describe the Environmental factors that influence land-use patterns (processes)
Port Moresby

Answer 12

 Suburbanisation along the coast for the scenery and appealing environment (e.g. Ela beach)
 Within the Brown and Vanapa rivers catchment area & at the periphery of the Loloki river, Waigani and Boroko Creek flow into Port Moresby
 Northeast-south-west tending ridges separated by broad flat valleys with some areas being 200m above sea level preventing and separating settlement
 Surrounded by the

Question 13

Describe the political factors that influence land-use patterns (processes)
Port Moresby

Answer 13

 Regeneration of the historic core
 Poor service provision by the NCDC [government urban manager]
 Lack of cooperation between the NCDC and the Department of Lands and Physical Planning (DLPP) resulting in land-use conflicts, 60% of land is state owned and 40% is customary land. The high amount of customary land inhibits urban development
 Poor law and order (RPNGC): perceived as corrupt and ineffective meaning unofficial land was able to develop without control. UN Global Compact Cities Programme deemed the security of Port Moresby as critical
 No ministry responsible for controlling settlement issues after a change of policy in 1989

Question 14

Where is Newcastle-upon-Tyne?

Answer 14

Location: north bank of the Tyne estuary, north-east England

Question 15

What are the commercial functions in Newcastle-upon-Tyne?

Answer 15

 Eldon Square Shopping Centre (contains one of the largest John Lewis store in the UK and Debenhams)
 Northumberland Street (in 2004 it was marked as the most expensive shopping street in the UK outside of London)
 A shopping district is located between the Tyne and the Town Moor

Question 16

What are the residential functions in Newcastle-upon-Tyne?

Answer 16

 7.8% of homes are detached and 25.6% are flats and water-side apartments
 Separate residential areas (Gosforth, Byker and Jesmond)

Question 17

What are the recreational functions in Newcastle-upon-Tyne?

Answer 17

 Newcastle University [located north of Gateshead] (the Centre for Physical Recreation and Sport) provides 50+ sports clubs and other sports opportunities. It is ranked within the top 12 of 152 British Universities and Colleges Sport (BUCS) rankings.
 The Town Moor [north of the city centre]. Freemen of the city have the right to graze cattle on it
 St James’ Park (home of Newcastle United F.C)
 Chinatown founded by The North East Chinese Association [north-west of Grainger Town in the west side of the city] contains a Chinese arch, benefits people who are in need of its facilities because of their youth, age and infirmity, promotes racial harmony and equality of opportunity, promotes the education of the Chinese language and culture.

Question 18

What are the tertiary sector functions in Newcastle-upon-Tyne?

Answer 18

 Northumbria University and Newcastle University (north of Gateshead)

Question 19

Land use patterns

Describe the core of Newcastle-upon-Tyne?

Answer 19

 Central business district is located at the central Southern part of the city. It has the central motorway, the coast road, the national train line and the metro routes. This is surrounded by the inner city with pockets between the river Tyne (traditional industries such as shipping that required the river and railway)
 Preservation of historical areas (Grainger Town) where the Theatre Royal and the Grainger Market are. 244 buildings in this area are listed (29 grade I and 49 grade II).
 Development of the riverside areas (Newcastle and Gateshead Quayside) as a solution to deindustrialisation and counterurbanisation. Subsequent regeneration of the central core area Newcastle Business park - £140 million development of 25 hectares of offices on previous derelict land (offices owned by British Airways)
 Expanded from a core in 1549 to 1974 on the north bank of the river Tyne

Question 20

Land use patterns

Describe the suburban-ring of Newcastle-upon-Tyne?

Answer 20

 density decreases outwards from the core
 Areas of the suburbs include: Gosforth and Jesmond in the north, Walker and Heaton in the east, Denton and Kenton in the west

Question 21

Land use patterns

Describe the rural fringe of Newcastle-upon-Tyne?

Answer 21

 built up areas, retailing complexes, business parks
 Newcastle Great Park which is part of castle world and Jesmond Dene park
 Lonmghorsley Northumberland
 Cheaper land and good access of transport [such as the A1] (influencing tech industries such as Stanghal Computing)

Question 22

Describe the social factors that influence land-use patterns (processes)
Newcastle-upon-Tyne

Answer 22

 Segregation of functions (commercial, industrial and residential uses)
 Segregation of people (on the basic of socio-economic class, influenced by council housing use such as on Percy street)

Question 23

Describe the economic factors that influence land-use patterns (processes)
Newcastle-upon-Tyne

Answer 23

 Counterurbanisation and deindustrialisation in the inner city. Decline in the coal industry, (last one closed in 1956), shipyards on the banks of the river Tyne and factories (Armstrong armaments works and ship building (e.g. Swan Hunters) who employed tens of thousands of people from riverside communities in Newcastle (such as Elswick and Scotswood). Due to overseas competition in the 1960s-80s there was a national 20% decrease in manufacturing employment in the 1960s and a complete collapse by 35% in the 1970s, also resulting in an overall population decrease including the inner city. -> Movement of industry and people to the suburbs from the inner city.
 £140 million used to develop the Newcastle Business Park (British Airways have offices there)
 The Tyne and Wear Development Corporation was set up to improve infrastructure to attract business (projects include Newcastle Law courts
 Regeneration and renewal of derelict buildings (Baltic Flour Mill is now a major art gallery). £2million was used to redevelop 10 major historical riverside buildings.

Question 24

Describe the environmental factors that influence land-use patterns (processes)
Newcastle-upon-Tyne

Answer 24

 1/3 of an area (covering 26 miles of riverside along the Tyne and Wear rivers and areas of Newcastle) was derelict, polluted or under-used meaning regeneration was able to occur and new buildings were built expanding the city.
 The river Tyne prevented some areas from building up (flood risks) but also encouraged others (shipping from the trade opportunities)

Question 25

Describe the political factors that influence land-use patterns (processes)
Newcastle-upon-Tyne

Answer 25

 Regeneration: former shipping premises were replaced with new office developments.
 A tilting bridge, (the Gateshead Millennium Bridge) was commissioned by Gateshead Council and has integrated the older Newcastle Quayside more closely with major cultural developments in Gateshead, including the BALTIC Centre for Contemporary Art and the Sage Gateshead music centre [urban manager of governments and planners]