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Indian Hills Biology Winter Term > Test Two (Chapters 4-6) > Flashcards

Test Two (Chapters 4-6) Flashcards

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1
Q

Aristotle

A

first to propose the idea of cells

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2
Q

Hooke

A
  • built microscopes
  • English experimenter
  • surveyor
  • first human to see bacteria
  • first to use the term ‘cell’
  • looked at cork through his microscope
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3
Q

Van Leeuwenhoek

A
  • made strong magnifiers

- first to see individual cells and saw them as living

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4
Q

Schlseiden and Schwann

A
  • said that plants and animals were composed of cells

- become the “fathers” of the cell theory

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5
Q

Virchow

A

proposed that diseases grow out of individual cells

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6
Q

Margulis

A

serial endosymbiotic theory which explains where eukaryotic cells came from

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7
Q

Fluid Mosaic Model

A

shows both the inside and outside of a cell and shows how the cell membrane is composed

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8
Q

cell membrane

A

made up of a phospholipid bilayer, cholesterol, carbohydrates, steroids, and proteins and it determines what goes in and out of the cell

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9
Q

concentration gradient

A

when particles move through a solution or gas from an area with a higher number of particles to an area with lower number of particles

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10
Q

aquaporin

A

proteins that diffuse water

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11
Q

isotonic

A

same concentration of water and molecules in and our of the cytoplasm

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12
Q

hypertonic

A

cytoplasm has a lower concentration compared to the environment

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13
Q

hypotonic

A

environment has a lower concentration compared to the cytoplasm

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14
Q

hydrophilic

A

water loving, ex: the head of the phosphate molecule

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15
Q

hydrophobic

A

fear of water, ex: the tails of the phosphate molecule

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16
Q

diffusion

A

passive transport, new movement of a kind of molecule form a place where that molecule is in a higher concentration to a place that is less concentrated

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17
Q

osmosis

A

net movement of water molecules through a selectively permeable membrane, passive transport, three different kinds; isotonic, hypertonic, and hypotonic

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18
Q

facilitated diffusion

A

occurs when the rate of diffusion of a substance is increased in the presence of specific membrane proteins, considered passive transport

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19
Q

carrier proteins

A

embraces the molecule and then releases it and returns to its original shape

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20
Q

ions channel

A

operate like gates and is controlled nu changes in electrical charge

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21
Q

active transport

A

occurs when molecules are moved across the membrane from an area of low concentration to an area of high concentration, therefore, energy must be expended

  • goes against the concentration gradient
  • uses a carrier protein
  • only certain molecules or ions can be moved
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22
Q

endocytosis

A

when larger particle or collections of materials can be transported across the plasma membrane by being wrapped in membrane, rather than passing though the membrane molecule by molecule

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23
Q

phagocytosis

A

process of engulfing larger particles, such as cells

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24
Q

pinocytosis

A

process of engulfing liquids and the materials dissolved in the liquid

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25
Q

exocytosis

A

when materials are transported out of cells in membrane-wrapped packages

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26
Q

cytoplasm

A

fluid portion in the cell and surrounding the nucleus

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27
Q

nucleus

A

central body of a cell and contains genetic material and proteins

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28
Q

cell wall

A

outlines plant cells, composed of the complex carbohydrate called cellulose, provides strength and protection

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29
Q

endoplasmic reticulum

A

made of membrane, manufactures ribosomes and proteins, smooth ER helps with chemical reactions, rough ER has ribosomes attached

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30
Q

Golgi apparatus

A

made of membrane, packages molecules, modifies molecules shipped to it from elsewhere in the cell, manufactures some polysaccharides and lipids

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31
Q

vacuoles

A

membrane-enclosed containers used for storage

32
Q

lysosomes

A

tiny vesicles that are made of membrane and contains enzymes capable of digesting carbohydrates, nucleic acids, proteins, and lipids, made up of enzymes, formed in the GA, destruction of disease cells and the breakdown of worn-out cells

33
Q

nuclear membrane

A

made of membrane and serapes genetic material from the cytoplasm, composed of two layers, consists of proteins, allows molecules to pass through

34
Q

mitochondria

A

made of membrane, contains the enzymes responsible for aerobic cellular respiration, followed membranes are called cristae

35
Q

chloroplasts

A

membranous sac-like orangeade responsible for the process of photosynthesis

36
Q

ribosomes

A

non-membranous responsible for the synthesis of proteins from amino acids, made of RNA and protein, help to join amino acids together to make proteins, many are attached to the ER

37
Q

microtubules, microfilaments, and intermediate filaments

A

non-membraneous elongated protein structures interconnected with each other and all three together form the cytoskeleton, flexible, assist with transport of organelles (minus IF)

38
Q

cytoskeleton

A

provide the cell with shape, support, and the ability to move, information can be transferred through

39
Q

centrioles

A

non-membraneous, arrangement of two sets of microtubules at right angles to each other, assists in cell division

40
Q

cilia and flagella

A

non-membraneous, hair like structures, composed of microtubules, flagella tend to be longer than cilia, help moves the cell

41
Q

inclusions

A

non-membranous, collection of materials that do not have as well defined structure as other organelles, miscellaneous materials

42
Q

chromatin

A

composed of long molecules of DNA and proteins, located in the nucleus, during cell divisions it gets slept and becomes chromosomes

43
Q

nucleolus

A

site of ribosomes manufacture, specific parts of DNA become organized within

44
Q

nucleoplasm

A

the cytoplasm of the nucleus

45
Q

cell size

A

minimum- 1 micrometer
prokaryotic- 1-10 micrometers
eukaryotic- 10-100 micrometers

46
Q

Prokaryotic cells

A

bacteria and archaea

47
Q

Eukaryotic cells

A

plants, animals, fungi, protozoa, and algae

48
Q

serial endosymbiotic theory

A
  • explains where eukaryotic cells came from
  • evolving from prokaryotic cells, pro “ate” a smaller pro and eventually formed a eukaryotic which possible became the mitochondria and chloroplasts of a cell
49
Q

catalyst

A

speed up a reaction, but isn’t used up in the reaction

50
Q

enzyme

A

protein molecule that acts as a catalyst

51
Q

anabolism

A

opposite of catabolism, builds up reactants to form one bigger product

52
Q

catabolism

A

opposite of anabolism, breaks down larger molecules into smaller parts

53
Q

energy of activation

A

energy absorbed before a chemical reaction, used to make reactants unstable and more likely to react with each other

54
Q

active site

A

a specific spot on an enzyme where the substrate and the enzyme connect

55
Q

substrate

A

molecule to which physically fit with the reactant

56
Q

enzyme inhibition

A

a molecule that attaches itself to an enzyme and interiors with that enzyme’s ability to form an enzyme-substrate complex (ex: pesticides)

57
Q

competitive inhibition

A

formation of a tempeeoray enzyme-inhibitor complex that interferes with the normal formation of enzyme-substate complexes, resulting in a decreased turn-over, blocks the active site, and “turns off” the enzyme

58
Q

negative-feedback inhibition

A

regulatory mechanism in which an increase in the stimulus cause a decrease of the response and results in homeostasis, turns the enzyme on and off, and feedbacks back into the reaction

59
Q

cofactors

A

inorganic molecules that serve as enzyme helpers and help with the electoral charge of the reaction

60
Q

coenzymes

A

a molecule that works with an enzyme to enable the enzyme to function as a catalyst

61
Q

environmental factors that effect enzyme activity

A

temperature- heat will see up a reaction to a certain point and cold will slow it down
pH- could change the shape based on the number of hydrogen ions
concentration- higher the concentration, the higher the amount of product is formed in a specified time

62
Q

ADP

A

adds more energy that can bond to make ATP

63
Q

ATP

A

RNA nucleotide that handles the transfer of genetic energy within living things, contains the greatest amount of potential chemical-bond energy and a product of cellular respiration

64
Q

NAD

A

involved in redox reactions in which it carries electrons from one reaction to another, it accepts electrons from other molecules and becomes reduced

65
Q

NADH

A

used in the electron transport

66
Q

summary equation for aerobic cellular respiration

A

C6H12O6 + 6 O2 ——> 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + energy(ATP and heat)

67
Q

glycolysis

A

anaerobic reactions that result in the breakdown of glucose, raw materials=6 glucose, takes place in cytoplasm, produces 2 NADH per glucose, produces 2ATP per glucose, product is 2 pyruvate (3 carbons each)

68
Q

Krebs Cycle

A

reactions that completes the breakdown of pyretic acid, raw materials=2 pyruvate, takes place in the mitochondria, no oxygen needed, produces NADH and 2 ATP per glucose, product is 6 carbon dioxides

69
Q

electron transport

A

reactions that converts the kinetic energy of hydrogen electrons to ATP, raw materials=NADH and O2, takes place in the mitochondria cristae, oxygen is needed, and produces water and ATP

70
Q

aerobic cellular respiration

A

specific series of enzyme-controlled chemical reactions in which oxygen is involved in the breakdown of glucose into carbon dioxide and water; the chemical-bond energy from glucose is released to the cell in the form of ATP

71
Q

anaerobic cellular respiration

A

biochemical pathway that does not require oxygen to produce ATP and does not use O2 as its ultimate hydrogen ion acceptor
C6H12O6 + 6 O2 —-> 2 Lactic Acids + 2 ATP

72
Q

Alcohol fermentation

A

anaerobic respiration pathway that yeast cells follow when oxygen is lacking in their environment, starts with glycolysis, glucose is metabolized to pyretic acid, 2 ATP is made, the pyretic avid is reduced to form ethanol and carbon dioxide is released
Ch3COCOOH —> CH3CH2OH

73
Q

acid fermentation

A

starts with glycolysis, glucose is metabolized to a pyretic acid, produces 2 ATP, pyretic acid is reduced to form lactic acid, no carbon dioxide is released, muscle cells do this but brain cells can’t

74
Q

obligate aerobes

A

must use O2

75
Q

obligate anaerobes

A

don’t use O2, some are killed if they even encounter O2

76
Q

facultative anaerobes

A

makes ATP by aerobic respiration oxygen is present, but can switch to fermentation or anaerobic respiration if oxygen is absent

77
Q

interconversion of nutrients

A

process in which nutrients, such as proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates can be converted to one another through chemical reactions and processes

Indian Hills Biology Winter Term (7 decks)

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