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Indian Hills Biology Winter Term > Quiz 3 > Flashcards

Quiz 3 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Pauling

A

chemical bonds, alpha helix (protein 2nd structure)

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2
Q

Chargaff

A

discovered the nucleotide content of DNA (%G=%C, %T=%A)

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3
Q

Wilkins

A

British biophysicist, worked on DNA structure

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4
Q

Franklin

A

X-ray diffraction studies of DNA

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5
Q

Watson and Crick

A

studied proteins at first, used pictures from Franklin, discovered the structure, double helix of DNA, made DNA models

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6
Q

DNA structure

A

backbone of nucleotides- thymine, adenine, guanine, cytosine, connected by covalent bonds

  • two strands connected by hydrogen bonds
  • double helix
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7
Q

RNA structure

A
  • contains ribose sugar
  • directly involved in making proteins
  • contains uracil instead of thymine
  • single strand
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8
Q

Sequence hypothesis

A

DNARNA->Proteins

Replication, transcription, translation

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9
Q

chromatin

A

structure of a chromosome consisting DNA wrapped around histone proteins

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10
Q

nucleosome

A

histone protein with their encircling DNA

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11
Q

replication

A
  • process by which a cell makes copies of its DNA
  • 2 strands of DNA unwind at many sites along the length of the molecule
  • hydrogen bonds are broken by the enzyme helicase
  • each parent strand serves as a template fro the assembly of a new DNA strand from nucleotides
  • 2 stands (half old half new) of DNA are now present
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12
Q

codon

A

set of 3 nucleotides of mRNA that codes for the placement of an amino acid during translation

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13
Q

start codon

A

tells ribosome where the beginning of the gene is

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14
Q

stop codon

A

tells the ribosome when to stop

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15
Q

promoter sequence

A

specific sequences of DNA nucleotides that RNA polymerase uses to find a protein-coding region of DNA and to identify which of the two DNA strands is the coding strand

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16
Q

terminator sequence

A

DNA sequences that indicate when RNA polymerase should finish making an RNA molecule

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17
Q

anticodon

A

trio of bases in the tRNA that is involved in base-pairing

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18
Q

gene

A
  • section of DNA that codes fro a protein or pieces of RNA and determines traits
  • able to replicate by directing the manufacture of copies of themselves
  • can get mutated
  • stores information that determines the characteristics of cells and organisms
  • uses information to direct synthesis of proteins
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19
Q

intron

A

sequences of mRNA that do not code for a protein

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20
Q

exon

A

sequences of mRNA that codes for a protein

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21
Q

mutation

A

any change in the DNA sequences of an organism

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22
Q

transposon

A

a non protein coding DNA

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23
Q

DNA polymerase

A

enzyme that connects nucleotides together

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24
Q

RNA polymerase

A

enzyme that “reads” the sequence of DNA that indicate the base pairing rules to build the new RNA molecule

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25
Q

transcription

A
  • process of using DNA as a template to synthesize RNA
  • RNA polymerase “reads” the DNA and attaches to it and begins to build a new protein
  • beings when the enzyme separates the two strands of DNA
  • exposes the nitrogen bases so one strand can be “read”
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26
Q

translation (protein synthesis)

A

process of using the information in RNA to direct protein synthesis by attaching amino acids to one another

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27
Q

imitation

A

start codon, AUG, end of tRNA carries an amino acid

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28
Q

elongation

A

chain of amino acids is growing, every time the ribosome works through a series, a new amino acid is added

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29
Q

termination

A

chain of amino acids grow until stopped by a stop codon, protein detaches from the ribosome

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30
Q

mRNA

A

messenger RNAm carries the blueprint for making the necessary protein

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31
Q

rRNA

A

ribosomal RNA, involved in the assembly of proteins from amino acids

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32
Q

tRNA

A

transfer RNA, moves a specific amino acid into a ribosome to make a protein

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33
Q

chromosomal aberration

A

major change in DNA that can be observed at the level of the chromosome that can cause harm, especially during fetal development

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34
Q

deletion

A

broken piece of DNA becomes lost or destroyed before its reattached

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35
Q

inversion

A

occurs hen a chromosome is broken and a piece becomes reattached to its original chromosome, but flipped

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36
Q

translocation

A

one broken segment of DNA becomes integrated into a different chromosome

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37
Q

duplication

A

portion of a chromosome is replicated and attached to the original

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38
Q

point mutation

A

change in a single nucleotide of the DNA sequence

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39
Q

silent mutation

A

nucleotide change that results in either the placement of the same amino acid or a different amino acid, but does not change the function of a protein

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40
Q

missense mutation

A

causes the wrong amino acid to be used in making a protein

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41
Q

nonsense mutation

A

causes a ribosome to stop protein synthesis by introducing a stop codon early

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42
Q

frameshift

A

occurs when insertion or deletions cause the ribosome to read the wrong sets of 3 nucleotides

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43
Q

Base pairing rules

A

DNA- A=T, G=C

RNA- A=U, G=C

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44
Q

genetic enginerering

A

manipulating DNA for our benefit

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45
Q

biotechnology

A

using organisms for our benefit

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46
Q

cloning

A

replicate (a fragment of DNA placed in an organism) so that there is enough to analyze or use in protein production

47
Q

recombinant DNA

A

DNA that has been formed artificially by combining constituents from different organisms

48
Q

gene mapping

A

a method used to identify the locus of a gene and the distances between genes

49
Q

gene therapy

A

the translation of normal genes into cells in place of missing or defective ones to correct genetic disorders

50
Q

DNA fingerprinting

A

the analysis of DNA from samples of body tissues or fluids, especially when conducted to identify individuals

51
Q

gel electrophoresis

A

lab method used to separate mixtures of DNA, RNA, or proteins according to their size

52
Q

plasmid

A

genetic structure in a cell that can replicate independently of the chromosomes

53
Q

GMO

A

genetically modified organisms

54
Q

importance of cell division

A

growth, development, repair, maintenance, reproduction

55
Q

cytokinesis

A

the division of the cytoplasm of one cell into two new cells

56
Q

interphase

A

stage of a cell cycle during which the cell engages in normal metabolic activities and prepares for the next cell division

57
Q

G1 interphase

A
  • cell gather nutrient sand other resources from the environment
  • allows growth in volume and to carry out metabolic roles (ex: making RNA)
58
Q

S interphase

A

DNA replication occurs

59
Q

G2 interphase

A
  • makes proteins to help with cell division
  • membrane is still intact and nucleolus is sill visible
  • centrioles replicate
60
Q

prophase

A
  • first stage of mitosis
  • individual chromosomes become visible
  • chromosomes condense, nuclear membrane disassembles, spindle and spindle fibers form, and nucleolus disappears
  • animal cells spindle fibers attach to centrioles
  • centrioles move to opposite ends of the cell
61
Q

metaphase

A
  • second stage of mitosis
  • chromosomes align at the equatorial plane
  • no nucleus present and each chromosomes contains 2 chromatids, but remain attached to centromeres
62
Q

anaphase

A
  • third stage of mitosis
  • membrane is still absent and spindle extends pole to pole
  • sister chromatids move toward opposite ends of the cell
  • chromosomes begin to separate because enzymes digest portions of centromeres that holds the 2 chromosomes
63
Q

telophase

A
  • final stage of mitosis
  • spindle fibers disassemble
  • nuclear membrane reforms
  • chromsomes uncoil and nucleolus reforms
64
Q

cleavage furrow

A

indentation of the plasma membrane that pinches in toward the center of the cell eventually splitting it, only with animal cells

65
Q

plant plate

A

forms at the center of the cell and grows out to the plasma membrane, marks the completion of mitosis and one round of cell division, only in plant cells

66
Q

Lacks

A
  • diagnosed with cervical cancer on 1/29/51 and a sample of her cells were taken for research
  • those cells were used to develop polio vaccines, cancer research, virus infections, AIDS, effects of radiation, and cell cloning
67
Q

differentiation

A

cell that has become a certain type

ex: skin cells-some produce hair and some don’t

68
Q

centromere

A

sequence of bases at the site where sister chromosomes are attached

69
Q

chromatid

A

1 of 2 parallel parts of chromosome

70
Q

diploid cell

A

cell that has 2 complete sets of genetic information

71
Q

haploid cell

A

cell that has 1 complete set of genetic information

72
Q

gamete

A

general term for reproductive cells like egg and sperm

73
Q

zygote

A

original single cell that results form an egg or sperm

74
Q

homologous chromosomes

A

have the same order of genes along their DNA

75
Q

synapsis

A

causes homologous chromosomes to move toward each other, which causes them to line up

76
Q

crossing over

A

exchange of equivalent sections of DNA on homologous chromosomes

77
Q

segregation

A

separation and movement of homologies chromosomes to the opposite poles of a cell

78
Q

independent assortment

A

one pair of homologous chromosomes separate independently from each other

79
Q

nondisjunction

A

occurs when homologous chromosomes do not separate during meiosis and may lead to the death of cells

80
Q

Prophase 1

A
  • chromosomes condense
  • spindle fibers form
  • nuclear membrane dissolves
  • synapsis and crossing over occurs
81
Q

Metaphase 1

A
  • chromosomes align on equatorial plane as synapsed pairs

- centromere attaches to a spindle fiber

82
Q

Anaphase 1

A
  • homologous chromsomes split
  • chromosomes move toward cell’s poles
  • reduction occurs
  • diploid to haploid cells
  • segregation and independent assortment occur
83
Q

Telophase 1

A
  • spindle fibers disassemble
  • chromosomes uncoil
  • membrane reforms
  • nucleoli reappear
84
Q

Prophase 2

A
  • individual chromosomes become visible
  • chromosomes condense, nuclear membrane disassembles, spindle and spindle fibers form, and nucleolus disappears
  • animal cells spindle fibers attach to centrioles
  • centrioles move to opposite ends of the cell
  • haploid cells
85
Q

Metaphase 2

A

-chromosomes align again, moving as a separate unit

86
Q

Anaphase 2

A

centromere divides, chromatids=daughter chromosomes

87
Q

Telophase 2

A

cell returns to non dividing conditions

88
Q

gene

A
  • section of DNA that codes for a protein or pieces of RNA and determines traits
  • able to replicate by directing the manufacture of copies of themselves
  • can get mutated
  • stores genetic information that determines the characteristics of cells and organisms
89
Q

allele

A

specific version of a gene

90
Q

locus

A

spot on chromosome where an allele is located

91
Q

genome

A

a set of all the genes necessary to specify an organism’s complete list of characteristics

92
Q

genotype

A

catalog of genes of an organism, whether these genes are expressed or not

93
Q

phenotype

A

physical characteristics

94
Q

homozygous

A

describes a diploid organism that has 2 identical allele for a particular characteristic

95
Q

heterozygous

A

describes a diploid organism that has 2 different alleles for a particular characteristic

96
Q

dominant

A

an allele the expresses itself and masks the effects of the other alleles for that trait

97
Q

recessive

A

an allele that, when present with its homologous, does not express itself and is masked by the effect of the other allele

98
Q

incomplete dominance

A

occurs when the phenotype of a heterozygote is intermediate between the 2 homozygotes on a phenotypic gradient, the phenotypes appear to be “blended”

99
Q

codominance

A

situation in which both alleles in a heterozygous organism express themselves

100
Q

multiple alleles

A

several different alleles for a particular characteristic within a population, not just 2

101
Q

polygenic

A

the concept that a number of different pairs of alleles may combine their efforts to determine a characteristic

102
Q

pleinotropy

A

multiple effects that a gene may have on a phenotype of an organism

103
Q

X-linked

A

the chromosome in a human female egg that is associated with the determination of sexual characteristics

104
Q

probability

A

the chance that an even will happen, expressed as a % or fraction

105
Q

population

A

a group of organisms of the same species located in the same place at the same time

106
Q

biological species

A

the concept that species are distinguished from one another by their inability to interbreed

107
Q

gene pool

A

all the genes of all the individuals of a species

108
Q

allele frequency

A

a measure of how common a specific allele is, compared with other alleles for the same characteristic

109
Q

genetic diversity

A

the degree to which individuals in a population possess alternative allele for characteristics

110
Q

genetic drift

A

a change in gene frequency that is not the result of natural selection; this typical occurs in a small population

111
Q

clone

A

exact copies of biological entities such as genes, organisms, or cells

112
Q

monoculture

A

the agricultural practice of planting the same varieties of a species over large expanses of land

113
Q

evolution

A

a change in the frequency of genetically determined characteristics within a population over time

114
Q

selecting agent

A

factors that affect the probability that a gene will be passed down to the next generation

Indian Hills Biology Winter Term (7 decks)

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