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Indian Hills Biology Winter Term > Chapter 1&2 > Flashcards

Chapter 1&2 Flashcards

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1
Q

scientific method

A

way of gaining information/facts about the world by forming possible answers to questions, followed by rigorous testing to determine if the proposed explanations are supported by the facts

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2
Q

observation

A

when we use our senses to record an event

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3
Q

hypotheses

A

statement that provides a possible answer to a question or an explanation for an observation that can be tested

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4
Q

experiment

A

a re-creation of an even or occurrence in a way that enables a scientist to support or disprove a hypotheses

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5
Q

variables

A

separate factors in an experiment

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6
Q

controlled experiment

A

a situation that only one variable is present

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7
Q

control group

A

group in a controlled experiment in which there is no manipulation

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8
Q

experimental group

A

group in a controlled experiment in which some manipulation occurs

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9
Q

independent variable

A

the variable that is changed or controlled in a scientific experiment and are the variables that the experimenter changes to test their dependent variable.

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10
Q

dependent variable

A

the variable that may change as a result of changes in the independent variable

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11
Q

inductive reasoning

A

the process of developing general principles from the examination of many sets of specific facts

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12
Q

deductive reasoning

A

process of using general principles to predict the specific facts of a situation

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13
Q

theory

A

a widely accepted, plausible, general statement about fundamental concepts in science that explain why things happen

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14
Q

scientific law

A

uniform/constant fact of nature that describes what happens in nature

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15
Q

pseudoscience

A

deceptive practice that uses the appearance or language of science to convince, confuse, or mislead people into thinking that something has scientific validity

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16
Q

energy

A

the ability to do work or cause things to move

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17
Q

matter

A

anything that has mass and takes up space

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18
Q

unique structural organization

A

groups who work together to achieve a common goal

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19
Q

cells

A

fundamental structural units of all living things

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20
Q

organism

A

any living thing that is capable of functioning independently, whether it consists of a single cell or a complex group of interacting cells

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21
Q

metabolism

A

all chemical reactions involving molecules required for a cell to grow, reproduce, and make repairs

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22
Q

nutrients

A

food

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23
Q

generative processes

A

activities that result in an increase in the size of an organism (growth) or an increase in the number of individuals in the population (reproduction)

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24
Q

responsive processes

A

allow organisms to react to chances in their surroundings in a meaningful way

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25
Q

control processes

A

mechanisms that ensure an organism will carry our all metabolic activities in the proper sequence (coordination) and at the proper rate (regulation)

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26
Q

enzymes

A

molecules produced by organisms, that are able to control the rate at which life’s chemical reactions occur and can also regulate the amount of nutrients processed into other forms

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27
Q

homeostasis

A

process of maintaining a constant internal environment

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28
Q

emergent properties

A

interaction of simple components when they form much more complex substances

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29
Q

kinetic energy

A

energy of motion

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30
Q

potential energy

A

stored energy

31
Q

elements

A

fundamental chemical substances made up of collections of only one kind of atom

32
Q

neutron

A

heavy subatomic particle that does not have a charge and is located in the nucleus of an atom

33
Q

nucleus

A

central core of an atom that contains protons and neutrons

34
Q

proton

A

heaving subatomic particle that has a positive charge and is located in the nucleus of an atom

35
Q

electron

A

light subatomic particle with a negative electrical charge that moves about outside of the nucleus in regions known as energy levels

36
Q

energy levels

A

a region of space surrounding the atomic nucleus that contains electrons with certain amounts of energy

37
Q

atomic number

A

number of protons in an atom of that element

38
Q

atomic mass number (AMU)

A

the mass of one proton=one AMU

39
Q

isotope

A

each atom of the same element with a different number of neutrons

40
Q

atomic weight

A

an average of all her isotopes present in a mixture in their normal proportions

41
Q

mass number

A

the sum of the number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an atom

42
Q

chemical reactions

A

process in which atoms attempt to acquire an outermost energy level with 8 electrons

43
Q

kinetic molecular theory

A

states that all matter is made up of tiny particles, which are in constant motion

44
Q

molecule

A

smallest particle of a chemical compound and is a definite and distinct, electrically neutral group of bounded atoms

45
Q

compound

A

a chemical substance made up of atoms of two or more elements combined in a specific ratio and arrangement

46
Q

chemical bonds

A

attractive forces that hold the atoms of a molecule together

47
Q

formula of a compound

A

describes what elements is contains (ex: H20)

48
Q

temperature

A

measure of the average kinetic energy of the molecules making up a substance

49
Q

heat

A

total internal kinetic energy of molecules

50
Q

calorie

A

the amount of heat necessary to raise the temperature 1 gram of water 1 degree Celsius

51
Q

phases of matter

A

solid, liquid, and gas

52
Q

solid

A

consists of molecules with strong attractive forces and low kinetic energy

53
Q

liquid

A

consists of molecules with high enough kinetic energy to overcome the attractive forces that hold molecules together

54
Q

gas

A

consists of molecules that have a great deal of kinetic energy that the attraction is overcome

55
Q

ionic bonds

A

formed after atoms transfer electrons to achieve a full outermost energy level

56
Q

covalent bonds

A

chemical bond formed by the sharing of a pair of electrons

57
Q

hydrogen bonds

A

intermolecular or intramolecular forces of attraction the can only occur between hydrogen and oxygen, or hydrogen and nitrogen

58
Q

mixture

A

matter that contains two or more substances that are not set proportions

59
Q

solution

A

a liquid mixture of ions or molecules of tow or more substances

60
Q

solvent

A

component present in a solution that is the larger amount

61
Q

solute

A

the component that dissolves in the solvent

62
Q

chemical equation

A

way of describing what happens in a chemical reaction

63
Q

reactants

A

substances that are changed and appear on the left side of the chemical equation

64
Q

products

A

new chemical substances that appear on the right side of the chemical equation

65
Q

oxidation-reduction reaction

A

chemical chance in which electrons are transferred from one atom to another and, with it, the energy contained in its electrons

66
Q

dehydration synthesis reaction

A

chemical changes in which water is released and larger, more complex molecule is made form smaller, less complex parts

67
Q

hydrolysis reactions

A

the opposite of dehydration, where water is used to break the reactants into smaller, less complex products

68
Q

phosphorylation reactions

A

takes place when a cluster of atoms, phosphate groups, add to another molecule

69
Q

acid-base reactions

A

take place when the ions of an acid interact with the ions of a base

70
Q

acids

A

ionic compounds that release hydrogen ions in solution

71
Q

base

A

an ionic compound, when dissolved in water, removes hydrogen ions from solution

72
Q

hydroxide ions

A

group composed of an oxygen atom and a hydrogen atom bounded together, but with an additional electron

73
Q

pH

A

degree to which a solution is acidic or basic

74
Q

salts

A

ionic compounds that do not release either H+ or OH- when dissolved in water, thus making them neither an acid nor a base

Indian Hills Biology Winter Term (7 decks)

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