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Indian Hills Biology Winter Term > Lab Quiz 2 > Flashcards

Lab Quiz 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

Importance of ATP in cells

A

ATP is used as energy for cells

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2
Q

obligate aerobes

A

must use O2

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3
Q

obligate anaerobes

A

don’t use O2, possibly killed if they even encounter O2

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4
Q

facultative anaerobes

A

makes ATP by cellular respiration if oxygen is present, can switch to fermentation or anaerobic respiration if oxygen is absent

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5
Q

codon

A

set of 3 nucleotides that codes for the placement of an amino acid

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6
Q

anticodon

A

trio of bases in the tRNA that is involved in base-pairing

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7
Q

mutation

A

any change in DNA sequence of an organism

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8
Q

genetic engineering

A

manipulating DNA for our benefit

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9
Q

restriction endonuclease

A

an enzyme produced by certain bacteria, having the property of cleaving DNA molecules at or near a specific sequence of bases

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10
Q

DNA ligase

A

enzyme that facilitates the joining of DNA strands together by catalyzing the formation of a phosphodiester bond

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11
Q

DNA fingerprinting

A

the analysis of DNA from samples of body tissues of fluid especially when conducted to identify individuals

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12
Q

gel electrophoresis

A

laboratory method used to separate mixtures of RNA, proteins according to molecular size

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13
Q

replication

A
  • process by which a cell makes copies of its DNA
  • two strands of DNA unwind at many sites along the length of the molecule
  • hydrogen bonds are broken by the enzyme, helicase
  • each parent strand serves as a template for the assembly of a new DNA strand from nucleotides
  • new pairing gets connected to the enzyme, polymerase
  • two strands of DNA are now present
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14
Q

transcription

A
  • process of using DNA as a template to synthesize RNA
  • RNA polymerase “reads” the DNA and attaches to it and begins to build a new protein
  • begins when the enzyme separates the two strands of DNA
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15
Q

translation

A

process of using the information in RNA to direct protein synthesis by attaching amino acids to one another

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16
Q

imitation

A

start codon, AUG, end of tRNA carries an amino acid

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17
Q

elongation

A

amino acid chain is growing, every time the ribosome works through a series, a new amino acid is added

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18
Q

termination

A

amino acid chain grows until stopped by a stop codon, protein detaches from the ribosome

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19
Q

DNA base pairing

A

G=C

A=T

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20
Q

RNA base pairing

A

G=C

A=U

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21
Q

Interphase

A

stage of cell cycle during which the cell engages in normal metabolic activities and prepares of the next cell division

22
Q

G1 interphase

A
  • cell gathers nutrients and other resources from the environment
  • allows growth in volume and to carry out metabolic roles (ex: making RNA)
23
Q

S interphase

A

DNA replication occurs

24
Q

G2 interphase

A
  • makes proteins to help with cell division
  • membrane is still intact and nucleolus is still visible
  • centrioles replicate
25
Q

Prophase

A
  • individual chromosomes become visible
  • chromosomes condense, nuclear membrane disassembles, spindles form, nucleolus disappears
  • animal cells spindle fibers attach to centrioles
  • centrioles move to opposite ends of the cell
26
Q

Metaphase

A
  • chromosomes align at the equatorial plane
  • no nucleus present
  • each chromosome contains 2 chromatids, but remain attache to centromeres
27
Q

Anaphase

A
  • membrane is still absent and spindle extends pole to pole
  • sister chromatids move toward opposite ends of the cell
  • chromosomes begin to separate because enzymes digest portions of centromere that holds the 2 chromosomes
28
Q

Telophase

A
  • spindle fibers disassemble
  • nuclear membrane reforms
  • chromosomes uncoil nucleolus reforms
29
Q

Prophase 1

A
  • chromosomes condense
  • spindle fibers form
  • nuclear membrane dissolves
  • synapsis and crossing over occurs
30
Q

Metaphase 1

A
  • chromosomes align on equatorial plane as synapsed pairs

- centromere attaches to a spindle fiber

31
Q

Anaphase 1

A
  • homologous chromosomes split, move toward cell’s poles
  • reduction occurs
  • segregation and independent assortment occurs
32
Q

Telophase 1

A
  • spindle fibers disassemble
  • nuclear membrane reforms
  • chromosomes uncoil nucleolus reforms
33
Q

Prophase 2

A
  • same as mitosis

- haploid instead of diploid

34
Q

Metaphase 2

A
  • chromosomes align again

- moves as a separate unit

35
Q

Anaphase 2

A
  • centromere divides

- chromatids=daughter cells

36
Q

Telophase 2

A

returns to non-diving conditions

37
Q

gene

A
  • section of DNA that codes for a protein or pieces of RNA and determines treats
  • able to replicate by directing the manufacture of copies of themselves
  • can get mutated
  • stores genetic information that determines characteristics of cells and organisms
  • uses information to direct synthesis of proteins
38
Q

allele

A

specific version of a gene

39
Q

locus

A

spot on chromosome where an allele is located

40
Q

genome

A

set of all the genes necessary to specify an organism’s complete list of characteristics

41
Q

haploid

A

cell that has 1 complete set of genetic information

42
Q

diploid

A

cell that has 2 complete sets of genetic information

43
Q

genotype

A

catalog of genes of an organism, where these genes are expressed or not

44
Q

homozygous

A

describes a diploid organism that has 2 identical alleles for a particular characteristic

45
Q

heterozygous

A

describes a diploid organism that has 2 different allele for a particular characteristic

46
Q

linkage

A

situation in which the genes for a different characteristic are inherited together more frequently than would be predicted by probability

47
Q

dominant

A

an allele that expresses itself and masks the effects of the other alleles for that trait

48
Q

recessive

A

an allele that, when present with its homologous, does not express itself and is masked by the effect of the other allele

49
Q

gamete

A

general term for reproduction cells like egg and sperm

50
Q

zygote

A

original single cell that results form an egg and sperm

Indian Hills Biology Winter Term (7 decks)

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