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Indian Hills Biology Winter Term > Lab Quiz 2 > Flashcards

Lab Quiz 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Importance of ATP in cells

A

ATP is used as energy for cells

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2
Q

obligate aerobes

A

must use O2

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3
Q

obligate anaerobes

A

don’t use O2, possibly killed if they even encounter O2

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4
Q

facultative anaerobes

A

makes ATP by cellular respiration if oxygen is present, can switch to fermentation or anaerobic respiration if oxygen is absent

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5
Q

codon

A

set of 3 nucleotides that codes for the placement of an amino acid

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6
Q

anticodon

A

trio of bases in the tRNA that is involved in base-pairing

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7
Q

mutation

A

any change in DNA sequence of an organism

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8
Q

genetic engineering

A

manipulating DNA for our benefit

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9
Q

restriction endonuclease

A

an enzyme produced by certain bacteria, having the property of cleaving DNA molecules at or near a specific sequence of bases

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10
Q

DNA ligase

A

enzyme that facilitates the joining of DNA strands together by catalyzing the formation of a phosphodiester bond

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11
Q

DNA fingerprinting

A

the analysis of DNA from samples of body tissues of fluid especially when conducted to identify individuals

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12
Q

gel electrophoresis

A

laboratory method used to separate mixtures of RNA, proteins according to molecular size

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13
Q

replication

A
  • process by which a cell makes copies of its DNA
  • two strands of DNA unwind at many sites along the length of the molecule
  • hydrogen bonds are broken by the enzyme, helicase
  • each parent strand serves as a template for the assembly of a new DNA strand from nucleotides
  • new pairing gets connected to the enzyme, polymerase
  • two strands of DNA are now present
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14
Q

transcription

A
  • process of using DNA as a template to synthesize RNA
  • RNA polymerase “reads” the DNA and attaches to it and begins to build a new protein
  • begins when the enzyme separates the two strands of DNA
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15
Q

translation

A

process of using the information in RNA to direct protein synthesis by attaching amino acids to one another

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16
Q

imitation

A

start codon, AUG, end of tRNA carries an amino acid

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17
Q

elongation

A

amino acid chain is growing, every time the ribosome works through a series, a new amino acid is added

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18
Q

termination

A

amino acid chain grows until stopped by a stop codon, protein detaches from the ribosome

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19
Q

DNA base pairing

A

G=C

A=T

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20
Q

RNA base pairing

A

G=C

A=U

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21
Q

Interphase

A

stage of cell cycle during which the cell engages in normal metabolic activities and prepares of the next cell division

22
Q

G1 interphase

A
  • cell gathers nutrients and other resources from the environment
  • allows growth in volume and to carry out metabolic roles (ex: making RNA)
23
Q

S interphase

A

DNA replication occurs

24
Q

G2 interphase

A
  • makes proteins to help with cell division
  • membrane is still intact and nucleolus is still visible
  • centrioles replicate
25
Prophase
- individual chromosomes become visible - chromosomes condense, nuclear membrane disassembles, spindles form, nucleolus disappears - animal cells spindle fibers attach to centrioles - centrioles move to opposite ends of the cell
26
Metaphase
- chromosomes align at the equatorial plane - no nucleus present - each chromosome contains 2 chromatids, but remain attache to centromeres
27
Anaphase
- membrane is still absent and spindle extends pole to pole - sister chromatids move toward opposite ends of the cell - chromosomes begin to separate because enzymes digest portions of centromere that holds the 2 chromosomes
28
Telophase
- spindle fibers disassemble - nuclear membrane reforms - chromosomes uncoil nucleolus reforms
29
Prophase 1
- chromosomes condense - spindle fibers form - nuclear membrane dissolves - synapsis and crossing over occurs
30
Metaphase 1
- chromosomes align on equatorial plane as synapsed pairs | - centromere attaches to a spindle fiber
31
Anaphase 1
- homologous chromosomes split, move toward cell's poles - reduction occurs - segregation and independent assortment occurs
32
Telophase 1
- spindle fibers disassemble - nuclear membrane reforms - chromosomes uncoil nucleolus reforms
33
Prophase 2
- same as mitosis | - haploid instead of diploid
34
Metaphase 2
- chromosomes align again | - moves as a separate unit
35
Anaphase 2
- centromere divides | - chromatids=daughter cells
36
Telophase 2
returns to non-diving conditions
37
gene
- section of DNA that codes for a protein or pieces of RNA and determines treats - able to replicate by directing the manufacture of copies of themselves - can get mutated - stores genetic information that determines characteristics of cells and organisms - uses information to direct synthesis of proteins
38
allele
specific version of a gene
39
locus
spot on chromosome where an allele is located
40
genome
set of all the genes necessary to specify an organism's complete list of characteristics
41
haploid
cell that has 1 complete set of genetic information
42
diploid
cell that has 2 complete sets of genetic information
43
genotype
catalog of genes of an organism, where these genes are expressed or not
44
homozygous
describes a diploid organism that has 2 identical alleles for a particular characteristic
45
heterozygous
describes a diploid organism that has 2 different allele for a particular characteristic
46
linkage
situation in which the genes for a different characteristic are inherited together more frequently than would be predicted by probability
47
dominant
an allele that expresses itself and masks the effects of the other alleles for that trait
48
recessive
an allele that, when present with its homologous, does not express itself and is masked by the effect of the other allele
49
gamete
general term for reproduction cells like egg and sperm
50
zygote
original single cell that results form an egg and sperm

Indian Hills Biology Winter Term (7 decks)

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