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Mammography Registry > TEST TEST TEST TEST TEST TEST 4 > Flashcards

TEST TEST TEST TEST TEST TEST 4 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two major roles of CAD

A

detection

classification

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2
Q

CAD

A

computer aided detection

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3
Q

inadequate separation of tissues , non uniformity and uneven exposure levels are all a result of what

A

lack of compression

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4
Q

benign growths involving the milk ducts. high risk for breast cancer

A

ductal papilloma

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5
Q

montgomery glands are what type of glands

A

subaceous gland

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6
Q

forms on the skin surgave of the breast. Seen as multilobulated lesion with sharp outlines

A

keratosis

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7
Q

a keratosis is demonstrated mammographically as a

A

sharply outlined multilobulated lesion

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8
Q

Method of locating the lymph noes which cancer is spreading

A

lymphoscintigraphy or

sentinel node mapping

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9
Q

benign inflammatory condition of the lactiferous duct leading to nipple discharge, inversion or periareolar sepsis

A

ductal ectasia

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10
Q

are harmatomas benign or malignant

A

benign

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11
Q

Can be a huge encapsulated lesion occupying the entire breast, seen as smooth boarders

A

lipoma

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12
Q

essentially a pocket of fat that is encapsulated by a thin fibrous capsule

A

lipoma

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13
Q

oil cyst are sometimes called

A

fat necrosis

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14
Q

What are the ACR guidelines for breast cancer screening

A

begins at at 40

high risk starts at 30 but no sooner than 25

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15
Q

ACR guidelines for high risk screening MRI. What percent is considered high risk

A

MRI by 30

20% lifetime risk

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16
Q

physician will give you information about a particular treatment/test and you decide whether or not you want to proceed is called

A

informed consent

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17
Q

MQSA requires no more than ___ dose per image

A

300 mrad

3 mgray

0.003 gray

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18
Q

what is the superior margin of the breast

A

clavicle

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19
Q

what is the inferior attachment of the breast

A

inframammary crease

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20
Q

what is the medial attachment of the breast

A

sternum

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21
Q

what is the lateral attachment of the breast

A

axilla

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22
Q

Where is the most glandular tissue found

A

upper outer quadrant (tail of spence)

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23
Q

in general lesions that are lateral will move _____ on the ML compared to the MLO

A

down

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24
Q

in general lesions that are medial will move ___ on the ML compeared to the MLO

A

up

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25
Q

what is the larget organ of the body

A

skin

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26
Q

where is skin the thickest, and how thick

A

base of the breasts

2mm

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27
Q

where is the skin thinnest and how thin

A

nipple

0.5mm

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28
Q

outer most layer of the skin

A

epidermis

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29
Q

middle layer of the skin

A

dermins

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30
Q

inner layer of the skin

A

hypodermis

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31
Q

circular color skin aroudn the nipple

A

areolar

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32
Q

the nipple contains how many openings

A

5-15

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33
Q

a modified sweat gland that is milk producing

A

mammary gland or

glandular tissue

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34
Q

small bumps aroudn the areola. sebaceous gland surroundign the nipple

A

montgomery gland

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35
Q

opening of the montgomery gland, secretes a bacterostatic lubrication during lactation

A

morgagin tubercles

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36
Q

largest portion of the breast

A

tail of spence

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37
Q

angle of deflection where the breast tissue meets the chest wall below the breast

A

inframammary fold

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38
Q

an extra nipple is called ____and about __% of the population has one

A

plythelia

10 %

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39
Q

the breast lies on top of the

A

pectoralis muscle

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40
Q

connective tissue that separates the breast from skin and muscle

A

fascia

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41
Q

The breast is attached ot the deep fascia via

A

the suspensory ligaments

(coopers ligaments)

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42
Q

not actually part of the breat but used ofr positioning and image evaluation. Connects the front wall of the chest with the upper arm

A

pectoralis muscle

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43
Q

Fibrous connections between the inner side of the breast skin and pec muscle. Looks like waves on dense breasts

A

coopers ligaments

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44
Q

thickening or the density of the breast tissue

A

fibrous tissue

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45
Q

consists of lobes that produce milk

A

mammary glands/ducts

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46
Q

within the lobes of the breast are _____ which connect to the lactiferous ducts

A

lobules

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47
Q

responsible for delivering the milk to the nipple

A

lactiferous ducts

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48
Q

outside the lobule and connects to the lactiferous duct

A

extra lobular terminal duct

(segmental duct)

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49
Q

what is another term for the extra lobular terminal duct

A

segmental duct

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50
Q

What duct is inside the lobule

A

intra-lobular duct

(sub segmental duct)

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51
Q

what is another term for teh intra lobular terminal duct

A

sub segmental duct

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52
Q

TDLU

A

terminal ductal lobular unit

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53
Q

just inside the nipple is the

A

lactiferous sinus

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54
Q

cancer in the milk duct

A

ductal carcinoma

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55
Q

cancer in the lobules

A

lobular carcinoma

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56
Q

innter layer of a cell actually secrets cells of the TDLU

A

luminal epithelium

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57
Q

middle layer of a duct acts as a barrier to keep everything inside the cell

A

myoepithelium

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58
Q

the outer layer of the cell that holds it all together and responds to hormal fluctuations

A

basel membrane or

basement membrane

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59
Q

carry blood and fluid back and forth from the breast tissue to the rest of the body

A

lymphatic system

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60
Q

The medial aspect of the breast receives ____ of the blood supply via the ____

A

60%

internal thoracic mammary artery

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61
Q

the lateral aspect of the breast receives ___ % of the blood supply from the four vesseles coming out what two arteries

A

40%

axillary artery and the intercoatal artery

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62
Q

what 4 vessels come out of the axillary artery

A

lateral thoracic branches

thoracoacromial branches

lateral mammary branches

mammary branch

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63
Q

lateral thoracic vein comes off the ___ and drains the ___

A

axillary vein

lateral breast

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64
Q

internal thoracic vein drains the

A

medial breast

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65
Q

the intercostal vein drains the

A

lateral breast

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66
Q

what are the two types of lymphatic systems

A

superficial - skin

deep- within the breast nipple and areola

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67
Q

what 2 groups of lymph nodes receive lymph from the breast tissue, what percent

A

axillary (75%-90%)

parasternal (10-25%)

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68
Q

the axillary nodes receive how much of the lymph from the breast

A

75%-90%

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69
Q

the parasternal nodes receive how much of the lymph from the breast

A

10/25%

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70
Q

BIRAD A

A

fatty/adipose breast are almost entirely fat

25% density

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71
Q

BIRAD B

A

scattered fibroglandular density

25-50% dense

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72
Q

BIRAD C

A

heterogeneously dense

51-75% dense

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73
Q

what BIRAD may obscure small masses

A

BIRAD C

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74
Q

BIRAD D

A

extremely dense

75% dense

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75
Q

What BIRAD lowers the sensitivity of mammography

A

BIRAD D

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76
Q

what are the fixed borders of the breast

A

medial

superior

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77
Q

what tissue is best demonstrated on the CC view

A

medial

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78
Q

death rates are decreasing due to what 4 things

A
  • advancement in treatment
  • earlier detection
  • increased awareness
  • reduced use of hormone replacement
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79
Q

True or false

a woman with cancer in one breast has a higher risk of developing a new cancer in tge other breast

A

true

80
Q

a womans risk of breast cancer nearly _____ if she has 1 first degree relative who has been diagnosed with breast cancer

A

double

81
Q

True or false

a woman with a father or brother with breast cancer also have a higher risk of breast cancer

A

true

82
Q

what percent of breast cancers are linked to a gene mutation

A

5-10%

83
Q

what is your lifetime risk if you are BRCA 1 positive

A

70%

84
Q

BRCA 1 and BRCA 2 have higher risk of getting ____ cancer

A

ovarian

85
Q

____ women are most likely to develop breast cancer

A

caucasion

86
Q

___ women under the age of 45 are more likely to develop breast cancer and more likely die

A

african american women

87
Q

These women have the lowest risk of developing and dying from breast cancer

A

asia, hispanic, native american

88
Q

women with benign conditions have a higher risk of cancer. The conditions are called

A

proliferative lesions without atypia

89
Q

what are some examples of proliferative lesions without atypia

A

ductal hyperplasia

fibroadenoma

90
Q

conidtions in which the cells in the ducts or lobules of the breast grow excessively and no longer look normal

A

proliferative lesions with atypia

91
Q

looks like cancer cells are growin in the lobules of the milk producing gland of the breast, but they are not growing through the wall

A

lobular carcinoma in situ

92
Q

early menstruation (before 12) gives you an __ risk of breast cancer

A

increased

93
Q

women who had late menopause (after 55) have a ____ risk of breast cancer

A

higher

94
Q

nulliparity and effect of breast cancer

A

never given birth

higher

95
Q

primiparity and effect on breast cancer

A

1 child

higher

96
Q

women with dense breast are how much more at risk than the average density

A

1.5-2 times

97
Q

a thin supportive layer located between the basal surface and the epithelium and the connective tissue layer of the lobue is called

A

basement membrane

98
Q

malignant casting calcifications appear as

A

framented linear branching

99
Q

eggshell like and sharply outlined or elongated branching calcification are typycally

A

benign

100
Q

primipara

A

carried pregnancy to over 20 weeks

101
Q

postmenopausal obesity is associated with

A

circulating estrogen that is produced in fatty tissue

102
Q

when questioning your patient what is the purpose of repitition

A

summarize

103
Q

“where is your pain” is what kind of quesiton

A

open ended

104
Q

proces of removing tissue and fat from teh abdomen and transferrign that tissue to reconstructed breast is called

A

DIEP - deep inferior epigastric perforator

105
Q

removal of fluid cytology examines the fluid

A

cyst aspiration

106
Q

Biopsy technique that often requires the presence of a cytologist

A

FNB

107
Q

any size tumor with extension to chest wall or skin. Four to nine axillary nodes and or internal mammary nodes involved. No metastasis

A

stage 3

108
Q

Cancer that has spread to another organ is stage __

A

4

109
Q

what are 3 contraindications of a lumpectomy

A
  • previous lumpectomy
  • multi cancer sites in one breast
  • large tumor in small breast
110
Q

staging of cancer will determine what 3 things

A
  • if the cancer is invasive
  • exact tumor size
  • if cancer has spread
111
Q

with calcifications magnification is used to asses what 3 things

A
  • number
  • morphology
  • tissue distribution
112
Q

In the CC projeciton the detector is positioned

A

at the level of the raised IMF

113
Q

Why is the MLO preferred to the ML as a routine projection

A

poorly visualized posterior and lateral breast

114
Q

Uses high frequency sound waves to image the breast

A

ultrasound

115
Q

the thickest skin portion of the breast that travels from the central breast to the lateral side is the

A

tail of spence

116
Q

fatty tissue is generally ____ with ___ density

A

radiolucent

lower

117
Q

veins are located in the ___ of the breast

A

periphery

118
Q

what 3 things will affect the average glandular dose

A

breast compression

HVL

breast size and composition

119
Q

Two disadvantages of mammography screening include

A

granularit of the breast can impact visualization of cancer

mammography will not image all cancers

120
Q

The TDLU consists of what 2 things

A

extralobular terminal ducts

interlobular terminal ducts

121
Q

lactation results in increase ____ making mammography undiagnostic

A

glandularity

122
Q

The better the converiosn for DQE the better the ____ ____

A

image quality

123
Q
  1. The two main classifications of breast cancer are

(A) tubular and lobular

(B) lobular and medullary

(C) lobular and ductal

(D) inflammatory and ductal

A

(C) lobular and ductal

124
Q

The general criteria to pass the new American College of Radiology Digital Mammography (ACR DM) phantom require a minimum of _______ masses.

(A) 2

(B) 3

(C) 4

(D) 5

A

(A) 2

125
Q
  1. The picture indicates

(A) mammographically benign calcifications

(B) malignant calcifications

(C) keratosis

(D) fibroadenomas

A

A

126
Q
  1. Identify the position shown

(A) MLO

(B) CV

(C) LM

(D) ML

A

C

127
Q

The detectors ability to respond to different exposure levels is called ___ ____

A

dynamic range

128
Q

25lbs is how many N and how many DaN

A

111

11.1

129
Q

what type of system has an amorphous selenium flat panel detector

A

direct digital

130
Q

Sarcomas make up what % of breast cancer

A

1%

131
Q

What allows repeated access to the venous system

A

infusaport

132
Q

ductal carcinoma occurs in __% of women with breast cancer and lobular carcinoma occurs in ____%

A

90%

5%-10%

133
Q

Causes of poor contrast include

(A) inadequate exposure

(B) inadequate compression

(C) excessive KVP

(D) all of the above

A

(D) all of the above

134
Q

A patient that has an inconclusive mammogram and ultrasound may benefit from an MRI because it can __________________

A

delineate benign from malignant tumors

135
Q

What is the leading cause of false-negative mammography results in dense breast tissue

A

underexposure

136
Q

beam hardening is a byproduct of inadequate compression, which leads to increased ___

A

scatter

137
Q

For magnification mammography the exposure time will be ___ as a result of the units small focal spots

A

longer

138
Q

Overexposure results in ___ contrast

A

lower

139
Q

A lateral view is an additional type of mammography view used for diagnostic mammograms. A lateromedial view means the x-ray beam is aimed to what aspect?

A

toward the inner chest

140
Q

Which of the following is an example of ductal carcinoma?

(A) Comedo

(B) Epithelia hyperplasia

(C) Epitheliosis

(D) Papillomatosis

A

(A) comedo

141
Q

Proper positioning helps eliminate which of the following

(A) all contrast

(B) all radiation exposure to the patient

(C) all mammogram artifacts

(D) the majority of mammogram artifacts

A

(D)

142
Q

Which of the following would have the largest number of pixels?

(A) workstation monitor

(B) acquisition

(C) diagnostic workstation monitor

(D) laser film

A

(D)

143
Q

Ideally, breast compression is maximized when?

(A) Accompanied by a thorough explanation to increase patient cooperation and the exposure is made on arrested inspiration to reduce motion.

(B) The exposure is made on arrested inspiration to reduce motion and the patient recognizes the advantage of compression in reducing radiation dose.

(C) Accompanied by a thorough explanation to increase patient cooperation and the patient recognizes the advantage of compression in reducing radiation dose.

(D) Accompanied by a thorough explanation to increase patient cooperation, the patient recognizes the advantage of compression in reducing radiation dose and the exposure is made on arrested inspiration to reduce motion.

A

C

144
Q

The radiation doses of digital mammography exposures tend to be what percent lower than those of screen film mammography (SFM)?

A

20-30%

145
Q

The five year survival rate for a patient with a stage 0 breast cancer is approximately which percentage?

A

100%

146
Q

What view gives the best view of the mid-body side of the breast?

Open Calculator

A

LM

147
Q

During spot compression, the technologist must do what before beginning the procedure?

A

identify the area of abnormality

148
Q

Of the following, which should have the least number of pixels?

(A) acquisition

(B) diagnostic workstation monitor

(C) laser films

(D) workstation monitor

A

D

149
Q

Three categories of compliance must be met in order to satisfy the MQSA standards for personnel. Which of the following is not one of these categories?

(A) Continuing experience.

(B) Initial qualifications.

(C) Supervisory ratings.

(D) Continuing education.

A

C

150
Q

What category of BIRADS is associated with negative mammogram results with benign calcifications?

A

BIRAD 2

151
Q

A BIRADS rating of 0 indicates which of the following?

(A) The patient has a known malignancy.

(B) The patient has a highly suscpicious abormality that needs further imaging.

(C) The patient’s results show that no cancer is present.

(D) The patient’s results are incomplete.

A

D

152
Q

the production of milk is regulated by ___

A

hormones

153
Q

Filtration provides the right amount of radiation to obtain a quality image by doing what?

A

shortening the exposure time

154
Q

How should the patient’s arm on the side to be imaged be positioned for an ML view?

A

stretched out on the object table

155
Q

Which of the following is true for full field digital machines?

(A) The digital image is not easy to manipulate.

(B) The digital image cannot be manipulated.

(C) The digital image is easy to manipulate.

(D) The digital image cannot be saved.

A

C

156
Q

Prolactin is at its highest point when?

A

1 hour after the onset of sleep

157
Q

Where would the Ductography be performed?

A

mammography

158
Q

HVL is used for _____ _____ and ____ _____

A

quality assurance

quality control

159
Q

Which tissues is best visualized using the XCCL view?

A

posteriolateral

160
Q

The examination of the__________ assists in revealing the potential of breast cancer spreading to alternative locations in the body?

A

sentinal lymph node

161
Q

MR Ductography is considered to be which of the following?

(A) An invasive procedure

(B) A noninvasive procedure

(C) A physical exam

(D) A type of CT scan

A

(B) A noninvasive procedure

162
Q

If looking for a malignancy, the characteristics of a microcalcification would be considered which of the following?

(A) Fine size

(B) Single appearance

(C) Faint calcifications

(D) None of the above

A

A

163
Q

ROC

A

Receiver Operating Characteristics

164
Q

The mammography tube is designed and specifically constructed to capture what

A

soft breast tissue

165
Q

What other tissues can be seen on the CC other than medial

A

Retroareolar, central, some lateral

166
Q

What view is taken from the side and at an angle of a diagonally-compressed breast?

A

MLO

167
Q

The FDA requires any mammography facility to obtain accreditation by completing all of the following except?

(A) Be accredited by an FDA-approved accreditation body.

(B) To continually keep up with all of the standards of accreditation

(C) Undergo an annual MQSA inspection.

(D) To be accredited by OSHA

A

D

168
Q

A case of breast cancer in which cancer is found in the lymph nodes near the collarbone would be staged as which of the following?

A

Stage 3C

169
Q

According to the image quality metrics (digital mammography) , which of the following would be considered a perceptual (observer-dependent)?

(A) Noise power spectrum

(B) Resolution (PSF)

(C) Limiting resolution

(D) Detective quantum efficiency

A

C

170
Q

Which of the following supplies blood to the lateral breast?

(A) Internal mammary artery

(B) Internal maxillary artery

(C) Intercostal artery

(D) Lateral thoracic artery

A

D

171
Q

What is the primary goal in breast positioning for screening mammography?

A

To show as much of the tissue as possible

172
Q

Radiation therapy for breast cancer in which larger doses are given for three weeks is known as which of the following?

A

accelerated breast irradiation

173
Q

The use of low kVp and high mAs will serve to do what

A

Reduce noise

increase subject contrast

174
Q

A rolled CC is what type of view

A

supplementary

175
Q

Which of the following is true regarding SNR (signal-to-noise ratio)?

(A) Image quality decreases when the signal is higher compared to the background noise.

(B) Image quality increases when the signal is higher compared to the background noise.

(C) Image quality increases when the signal is lower compared to the background noise.

(D) Image quality increases when the signal is higher compared to the contrast quality.

A

B

176
Q

For which of the following might a triangulation become necessary?

(A) Focal compression

(B) Internal compression

(C) Stereotactic biopsy

(D) None of the above

A

(C) Stereotactic biopsy

177
Q

prolactin is considered a ___

A

hormone

178
Q

Which of the following would be considered correct for the 7th section of the HL7 standards?

A

education and awareness

179
Q

Which of the following does the 1HE promote?

(A) The use of established standard computer languages

(B) The standards such as Health Level 7 (HL7)

(C) The guidelines of HIPAA

(D) Both A and B

A

D

180
Q

Why are diagnostic mammograms typically longer than screening mammograms?

A

They capture more images

181
Q

A thickening of swelling of part or all of the breast, which may be a sign of breast cancer, is known as which of the following?

A

Peau d’ orange

182
Q

What is the main purpose of mammogram equipment evaluations?

(A) To ensure compliance with the department manager

(B) To verify the repairs made were worth the time/money spent

(C) To ensure that the hospital does/does not need to buy additional equipment

(D) To verify all functions have been successfully restored after repair/alteration

A

D

183
Q

Although T-scan impedance imaging is often used in conjunction with mammography, it doesn’t require what

A

additional radiation

184
Q

Assessing the final images of the mammogram challenges the technologist’s image execution. Which of the following would not be a factor in image execution?

(A) Inclusion of entire breast anatomy.

(B) Knowledge of each projection.

(C) Intended purpose of each projection.

(D) Positioning techniques of each projection.

A

A

185
Q

Which of the following is not part of the image quality phantom test?

(A) SNR/CNR evaluation

(B) Compression thickness

(C) Image quality scoring objects

(D) Artifact evaluation

A

B

186
Q

If the kVp is higher, the mammogram image would be which of the following?

A

grey

187
Q
A
188
Q

what is the only physicist test covered under MQSA

A

MEE - mammogrpay equipiment evaluation

189
Q

Approximately what percent of breast cancer occur in women

A

98%

190
Q

In mammography the focla spot has ___ ___

A

dual focus

191
Q

What view used to be called the cleopatra

A

AT

192
Q

What is an advantage of using a frid in mammography

A

improved contrast

193
Q

Contrast is usually ___ in thicker breast

A

higher

194
Q

What type of imaging has a phosphor flat panel detector

A

indirect

195
Q

In DBT images are ____ to the BEAM

A

perpendicular

196
Q

ACR guidelines for high risk screening MRI. What percent is considered high risk

A

MRI by 30

20% lifetime risk

Mammography Registry (12 decks)

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