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OB/GYN Section 2 > test review > Flashcards

test review Flashcards

1
Q

Decidua basalis

A

the myometrial or burrowing side of the conceptus

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2
Q

Decidua capsularis

A

the villi covering the developing embryo

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3
Q

Double decidual sac sign

A

interface between the decidua capsularis and the echogenic decidua on the opposite wall of the endometrial cavity

good indication of intrauterine pregnancy

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4
Q

Secondary Yolk sac

A

earlist gestational anatomy seen normally seen at 5 weeks gestation

growth rate .1mm/ml of growth of the MSD hwen the MSD is less than 15mm

detaches from yolk stalk at approx 8 weeks gestation

provides nutrients, hemotopoiesis and embryonic endoderm which forms the primitive gut

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5
Q

Gestational sac size

A

mean sac size correlates closely with menstrual age during early pregnancy remains accurate through first 8 weeks of gestation

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6
Q

Bradycardia

A

heartbeat less than 90 bpm

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7
Q

Tachycardia

A

heartbeat more than 170 bpm

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8
Q

Oligohydramnios

A

insufficient amount of amnionic fluid in the sac

if sac is 5mm less than CRl oligohydramnios may be suspected

demise is highly probable

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9
Q

Heteroectopic

A

one pregnancy in the uterus and another outside of the uterus

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10
Q

Acrania

A

abnormal mineralization of bony structures

abnormally shaped “mickey mouse” head

results in no brain no skull

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11
Q

Anencephaly

A

absence of cranium from superior to orbits with preservation of base of skull and face

brain may project from open cranium

results in face but no skull or brain

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12
Q

Cephalocele

A

Midline cranial defect

herniation of brain and meninges

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13
Q

Iniencephaly

A

defect in occiput involving the foramen magnum

extreme retroflexoin of spine

open spinal defect

very rare

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14
Q

Ventriculomegaly

A

dilation of ventricular system without enlargement of cranium

compression of choriod plexus

increased cerebrospinal fluid

dangling choroid in dilated lateral ventricle

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15
Q

Holoprosencephaly

A

failure of prosencephalon to differentiate into cerebral hemispheres and lateral ventricles between 4th and 8th weeks

complete to partial failure of cleavage of prosencephalon

facial dysmorphysim

3 tyupes alobar, semilobar and lobar

it is important to remember that before 9wks the normal fetal brain appears to have a single ventricle until the falx cerebri develops

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16
Q

Dandy-walker malformation

A

6th to 7th week gestatoin

cystic dilatoin of fourth ventricle

dysgenesis or agenesis of cerebellar vermis and hydrocephaly

elevated tentorium

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17
Q

Spina bifida

A

occurs when neural tube fails to close after 6 weeks gestation

appearance includes spinal irregularites or bulging within the posterior contour of the fetal spine

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18
Q

Turners syndrome

A

most common karyotype abnormality non lethal endochrine disorder cause by failure of the ovaries to respond to pituitary hormone

only im females

no ovaries

short growth

webbing around neck and digits

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19
Q

Uterine fibroids

A

common throughout pregnancy may increase in size throughout first trimester and early 2nd because of estrogen stimulatoin

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20
Q

Diamnitoic

A

multiple pregnancies with two anmiotic sacs

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21
Q

Dichorionic

A

multiple pregnancies with two chorionic sacs

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22
Q

Monoamniotic

A

multiple pregnancies with one anmiotic sacs

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23
Q

Monochorionic

A

multiple pregnancies with one chorionic sacs

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24
Q

Hematopoiesis

A

the formation of RBC’s starts in the yolk sac and then moves to the liver

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25
Q

gestational sac

1

A

amnion

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26
Q

gestational sac

2

A

connecting stalk

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27
Q

gestational sac

3

A

embryonic disc

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28
Q

gestational sac

4

A

yolk sac

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29
Q

gestational sac

5

A

chorion

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30
Q

gestational sac

6

A

chorionic cavity

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31
Q

gestational sac

7

A

amniotic sac

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32
Q

gestational sac

8

A

umbilical cord

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33
Q

gestational sac

9

A

yolk sac

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34
Q

gestational sac

10

A

amnion

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35
Q

gestational sac

11

A

connecting stalk

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36
Q

gestational sac

12

A

yolk sac

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37
Q

gestational sac

13

A

chorionic cavity

38
Q

gestational sac

14

A

smooth chorion

39
Q

gestational sac

15

A

amnion

40
Q

gestational sac

16

A

amniotic sac

41
Q

gestational sac

17

A

umbilical cord

42
Q

gestational sac

18

A

yolk sac remnant

43
Q

Which holonecehphaly is the worst

A

Alobar

consists of a single ventricle, cmall cerebrum, fused thalami, agenesis of corpus callosum and falx cerebri

remember that before 9 wks normal fetal brain appears to have single ventricle until falx cerebri developes after 9 wks

44
Q

Which cavity is where the fetus exists

A

fetus exists in the amionic cavity

45
Q

lab test that indicates pregnancy

A

test for human chorionic gonadotropin level

hCG test

46
Q

hCg levels plateaus at

A

9- 10 weeks

subsequently decline while gestation continues

47
Q

Chorion and amnion fuse at this time

A

16 weeks

48
Q

Fetal heartbeat detected

A

day 36 heart beat begines to beat

49
Q

Gestational sac MSD is _________an no yolk sac is visualized this should provoke suspicions of ___________

A

12 mm

abnormal pregnancy

50
Q

proper measurement of MSD

A

L + W + H /3

51
Q

Hernation of the mid gut loop decends into the abdomen at about the

A

11th week

52
Q

normal cystic area in the fetal skull

A

rhombencephalon

divides into two segments, cephalic (metencephalon) and caudal (myelencephalon) component

once it divides it forms the cystic rhomboid fossa

53
Q

fetal membrane and uterine wall

1

A

Decidua basalis

54
Q

fetal membrane and uterine wall

2

A

amniotic fluid

55
Q

fetal membrane and uterine wall

3

A

yolk sac

56
Q

fetal membrane and uterine wall

4

A

placenta

57
Q

fetal membrane and uterine wall

5

A

chorion laeve

58
Q

fetal membrane and uterine wall

6

A

decidua capsularis

59
Q

fetal membrane and uterine wall

7

A

amnionic cavity

60
Q

fetal membrane and uterine wall

8

A

chorionic cavity

61
Q

fetal membrane and uterine wall

9

A

decidua parietalis

62
Q

Conception

1

A

Zygote

63
Q

Conception

2

A

fertilization

64
Q

conception

3

A

ovum

65
Q

conception

4

A

developing follicle

66
Q

conception

5

A

implantation

67
Q

conception

6

A

blastocyte

68
Q

conception

7

A

marula

69
Q

Subchorionic hemorrhage

A

The most common occurrence of bleeding in the first trimester. These low process bleeds are from implantation of the fertilized ovum into the endometrial cavity and myometrial wall. Found between the myometrium margins of the gestational sac and may or may not be associated with placenta.

70
Q

Normal cardiac activity

A

125-160 at week 12 it is slower early in the pregnancy and rises until 12 weeks

71
Q

Heteroectopic

A

Simultaneous intrauterine and extrauterine pregnancy

72
Q

Interstitial pregnancy

A

Pregnancy occurring in the fallopian tube near the cornu of the uterus

most dangerous if ruptures mother can bleed out

73
Q

Cervical pregnancy

A

reported incidence of 1 in 16,000 pregnancies.

distinction between this and spontaneous loss, established concentric shape with dicidual reaction. Color doppler flow around the trophoblast

Increased risk of complete hysterectomy because of uncontrollable bleeding caused by increased vascularity of the cervix

74
Q

Ovarian pregnancy

A

Very rare, accounting for less than 3% of all ectopic pregnancies.

May be difficult to distinguish from hemorrhagic ovarian cyst

75
Q

Adenexal pregnancy

A

pregnancy in the abdominal cavity other than uterus, fallopian tube or ovary

if ruptures mother can bleed out

no viable as no way to sustain or deliver

76
Q

What is the courpus luteum secerate

A

progesterone to help sustain the pregnancy

regresses at 16-18 weeks

< 5 cm normally

occasionally up to 10 cm

77
Q

What a gestational sac should look like (normal)

A

round or oval shape

positioned fundal or middle portoin of uterus, center position relative to the endometrium

smooth contour

echogenic wall

yolk sac present when larger than 12mm

embryo present when larger than 18mm

growth 1mm/day

78
Q

1800ml for hcG level

A

normal gestational sac consistently demonstrated

79
Q

CRL crown rump length

A

obtained as early as 5.5 weeks using transvaginal probe

visualizatoin of heart motion is marker signifying the beginning of CRL measurement

considered the most accurate method of dating through 12 weeks gestation

at that time fetal position starts to curl making it more difficult to measure

80
Q

rise in hCG levels

A

normal itrauterine pregnancy less than 7 weeks double every 2 days

81
Q

low hCG levels

A

relative to gestational sac size demonstrate an abnormal pregnancy

hCg levels fall before spontaneous expulsoin of nonviable gestations

82
Q

CRL is performed up until 12 weeks then how is fetus measured

A

biometric measurements

biparietal diameter

femur length

83
Q

anembryonic pregnancy

blighted ovum

A

gesatoinal sac in which the embryo faisl to develope or stops developing at such an early stage that it is imperceptible by ultrasound

hcg levels and gestatoinal sac may continue as normal, but not at expected rate

84
Q

pseudogestational sac

A

gestatoinal sac within the uterus along with an ectopic pregnancy

do not coantain living embryo or yolk sac

centrally located within endometrial canal

homogeneous level echoes are commonly observed unlike normal sacs

85
Q

Ectopic pregnancy symtoms/signs

A

vaginal bleeding

empty uterus

presence of adnexal mass

postitive pregnancy test

found in nearly 45% of cases

86
Q

tubal ectopic pregnancy

A

about 95% of all cases

diagnosed by invasoin of trophoblastic tissue wtihin the fallopian tube mucosa

causes bleeding which may cause hematosalpinx, hemoperitoneum or both

87
Q

When does the bladder become visualized

A

10-12 weeks gestation

88
Q

hCG levels with trophoblastic disease

hydatidiform mole

A

levels drastically elevated and are often greater than 100, 000 IU/ml

accompanied by vaginal bleeding in early first/second trimester

also may experience hyperemesis gravidarum or preeclampsia

serum alpha-fetoprotein levels will be notably low

89
Q

identification of a uterine fibroid in first trimester

A

leiomyomas are very common throught pregnancy

identify location of fibroid in relation to placenta and cervix

may increase in size due to estrogen stimulatoin

could block cervix and birth canal

rapidly growing fibroids may compress the gestatoinal sac causing spontaneous abortion

90
Q

polygodramnios

A

too much amniotic fluid in the sac

91
Q

gastroshisis

A

Congenital defective opening in the wall of the abdomen just to the right of umbilical cord; bowel and other organs may protrude outside the abdomen from this opening. Isnt’ that serious the baby can live with this defect

92
Q

omphalocele

A

Congenital effect of the abdominal wall with protrusion of abdominal content into the base of the umbilical cord; the cord appears to enter the mass

OB/GYN Section 2 (23 decks)

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