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OB/GYN Section 2 > Key terms > Flashcards

Key terms Flashcards

1
Q

Indications for 1st trimester exams

A

Confirm presence of intrauterine pregnancy evaluate suspected ectopic pregnancy difine cause of vaginal bleeding evaluate pelvic pain estimate gestational age diagnose or evaluate multiple pregnancy confirm cardia activity an adjunct to chorionic villous sampling, embryo transfer or localilzation and removal of an IUD assess for certain fetal anomalies such as anencephaly in patients that are high risk evaluate maternal pelvic or adenexal masses or uterine anomalies screen for fetal aneuploidy evaluate suspectede hydatidiform mole

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2
Q

Indications for 2nd & 3rd trimesters

A

gestational age fetal growth vaginal bleeding cervical insuficiency abdominal and pelvic pain determine fetal presentation eval suspected multiple gestatoin adjunct to amniocentesis or other procedure discrepancy between uterine size and clinical dates pelvic mass suspected hydatidiform mole adjunct to cervical cerlage placement suspected ectopic pregnancy suspected fetal death suspected uterine abnormality fetal well being suspected amniotic fluid abnormalities suspected placental abruption adjunct to external cephalic version premature rupture of membranes and or premature labor abnormal biochemical markers follow up fetal anomaly follow up placental locatoin for suspect placenta previa history of previous congenital anomaly fetal condition in late registrants for prenatal care assessment of findings that may increase the risk of aneuploidy screening for fetal anomalies

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3
Q

Types of OB exams

A

standard limited repeat specialty first trimester first trimester risk assessment

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4
Q

Patient history

A

key information that the sonographer must know before eamination

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5
Q

Nageles rule

A

calulating the EDD

add 7 days from last known mestrual period,

subtract 3 months

add 1 year

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6
Q

Maternal risk factors

A

increaed maternal age serum biochem values increased nuchal translucency maternal disease uterince cavity that is too small or too large previous births with congenital disorders

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7
Q

Fetal anatomy

A

chromosomal disorders downs syndrome neural tube defects

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8
Q

Morality and ethics in OB sonography

A

reflection and analysis of morality right and wrong conduct and character assessment follow code of ethics for the profession of DMS

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9
Q

Nonmaleficence

A

do no harm attain and maintain appropirate education and clinical skills to ensure competence in performing required tasks

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10
Q

Conceptual age

A

embryologic age conceptoin as the first day pf pregnancy

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11
Q

Menstrual age

A

gestational age first day of last period as the beginning date of gestation

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12
Q

Embryonic age

A

conception as first day of pregnancy

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13
Q

Zygote stage from conception through implantation

A

fertilization zygote marula blastocyte implantation

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14
Q

Maternal serum biochemistry

A

maternal chemical levels that are used as both correlations of events and indicatoins of abnormalities and pregression of pregnancy

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15
Q

Decidua basalis

A

the myometrial or burrowing side of the conceptus

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16
Q

Decidua capsularis

A

the villi covering the developing embryo

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17
Q

Double decidual sac sign

A

interface between the decidua capsularis and the echogenic decidua on the opposite wall of the endometrial cavity

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18
Q

Features of a normal gestational sac

A

shape position countour wall internal landmarks growth

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19
Q

Yolk sac

A

earlist gestational anatomy seen normally seen at 5 weeks gestatoin

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20
Q

Embryo

A

start of 5th week the bilaminar embryonic disk undergoes gastrulatoin and is converted into the trilaminar embryonic disk at this point organogenesis begins

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21
Q

Rhomboencephalon

A

primary part of brain divides into two segments the cephalic portion or metancephalon and the caudal component or myelencephalon

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22
Q

HCG levels in 1st trimester

A

correlate with gestational sac size during normal pregnancy lower levels with an ectopic pregnancy rise until about the 9th week then plateau and subsequently decline wile gestation continues

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23
Q

Limb development

A

limb buds become recognizable during the 6th week of gestatoin upper for first then lower

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24
Q

Skeletal ossification

A

calcification of the clavicle begins at approx 8 weeks

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25
Q

Physiologic herniation of bowel

A

the midgut elongates faster than the embryo is growing causing the midgut to herniate into the base of the umbilical cord at approx 11 weekis it descends into the fetal abdomen

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26
Q

Gestational sac size

A

mean sac size correlates closely with menstrual age during early pregnancy remains accurate through first 8 weeks of gestatoin

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27
Q

Crown rump length

A

measurement used as a determinant of first trimester gestatoinal dates produces dates plus or minus 5 to 7 days most accurate method through 12 weeks gestation

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28
Q

Nuchal translucency

A

normal first trimester popcket of fluid along the fetal back measruement of this space is a component of first trimester risk assessment

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29
Q

Nasal bone

A

absence of nasal bone in late first trimester associated with trisomy 21 is an indicator of Down Syndrome

30
Q

Subchorionic hemorrhage

A

most common type of first trimester bleeding result from the implantation of the fertilized ovum into the endometrial wcavity and myometrial wall

31
Q

Incomplete abortion

A

loss of pregnancy with products of conception remaining in the uterus

32
Q

Missed abortion

A

a miscariage that is missed when a fetus dies, but the body does not recognize the pregnancy loss or expel the pregnancy tissue

33
Q

Anembryonic pregnancy

A

blighted ovum gestatoinal sac in which the embryo fails to develop or stops developing at such an early stage that it is imperceptible by ultrasound

34
Q

Molar pregnancy

A

abnormal proliferation of trophoblastic cells

35
Q

Gestational trophoblastic disease

A

proliferative disease of the trophoblast that occurs after normal conception it represents a spectrum of disease from relatively benign form called hydatidiform mole to a more malignat form called invasive mole or choriocarcinoma

36
Q

Normal cardiac activity

A

heart rate between 90 and 170 bpm

37
Q

Bradycardia

A

heartbeat less than 90 bpm

38
Q

Tachycardia

A

heartbeat more than 170 bpm

39
Q

Oligohydramnios

A

insufficient amount of amnionic fluid in the sac

40
Q

Growth restriction

A

growth delay of the embryo or gestational sac chromosome abnormalites such as triploid have been associtated with this

41
Q

Ectopic pregnancy

A

pregnancy that occurs outside of the uterine cavity

42
Q

Pseudogestational sac

A

gestatoinal sac that appears along with an ectopic pregnancy

43
Q

Heteroectopic

A

one pregnancy in the uterus and another outside of the uterus

44
Q

Interstitial pregnancy

A

pregnancy that occurs right where the fallopian tube attaches at the cornua of the uterus very dangerous situation could rupture and cause mother to bleed out

45
Q

Cervical pregnancy

A

a pregnancy that occurs in the cervix 1 in 16000

46
Q

Ovarian pregnancy

A

very rare pregnancy that occurs in the ovary itself

47
Q

Acrania

A

partial or complete absence of the cranium

48
Q

Anencephaly

A

congenital absence of the brain and cranial vault with the cerebral hemispheres missing or reduced to small masses

49
Q

Cephalocele

A

midline cranial defect in which there is herniation of the brain and meninges

50
Q

Iniencephaly

A

rare lethal anomaly of cranial development whoe primary abnormalites include 1 a defect in the occiput involving the foramen magnum 2 retroflexoin of the spine where the fetus looks upward with its occipital cranium directed toward the lumbar spine 3 open spinal dects

51
Q

Ventriculomegaly

A

dilatoin of the ventricular system without enlargment of the cranium

52
Q

Holoprosencephaly

A

malformatoin sequence that results from failure of the prosencephalon to differentiate into cerebral hemispheres and lateral ventricles between 4 8 weeks gestation

53
Q

Dandy-walker malformation

A

cystic dilation of the 4th ventricle with dysgenesis of complete agenesis of the cerebellar vermis and frequently hydrocephaly

54
Q

Spina bifida

A

occurs when neural tube fails to close after 6 weeks gestatoin appearacne includes spinal irregularitesor bulging within the posterior contour of the fetal spine

55
Q

Abdominal wall defects

A

omphalocele gastroschisis limb body wall complex

56
Q

Obstructive uropathy

A

results in a large urinary bladder that may extend out of the pelvis and into the fetal abdomen

57
Q

Cystic hygroma

A

most common abnormalites seen sonographically in the first trimester seen early in fetal life have a high association with chromosomal abnormalities

58
Q

Turners syndrome

A

most common karyotype abnormality non lethal endochrine disorder cause by failure of the ovaries to respond to pituitary hormone

59
Q

Umbilical cord cysts

A

cysts ranging in size from 2 to 7.5 mm found between weeks 8 and 12 gestation

60
Q

Corpus luteum cyst

A

most common ovarian mass secrete progesterone necessary to preserve the embryo measure less than 5cm and does not contain septations

61
Q

Uterine fibroids

A

common throughout pregnancy may increase in size throughout first trimester and early 2nd because of estrogen stimulatoin

62
Q

Diamnitoic

A

multiple pregnancies with two anmiotic sacs

63
Q

Dichorionic

A

multiple pregnancies with two chorionic sacs

64
Q

Monoamniotic

A

multiple pregnancies with one anmiotic sacs

65
Q

Monochorionic

A

multiple pregnancies with one chorionic sacs

66
Q

Zygote

A

the fertilized ovum is called this before implantation occurs

67
Q

Chorionic villi sampling

A

invasive diagnostic genetic testing that involves sampling zygotic tissue cells from developing placental tissue

68
Q

Hematopoiesis

A

the formation of RBC’s starts in the yolk sac and then moves to the liver

69
Q

IUP

A

Intra Uterine Pregnancy

70
Q

MSD

A

Mean Sac Dimension

71
Q

Gastroschesis

A

born with abdomenal contents outside the body without a membrane

72
Q

Omphalocele

A

born with abdomenal contents outside the body with a membrane

OB/GYN Section 2 (23 decks)

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