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Biology 1 > Test III Ch.8 > Flashcards

Test III Ch.8 Flashcards

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1
Q

Cell Life Cycle

A

Constitutes Cell growth and reproduction

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2
Q

Cell growth

A
  • genetic information (in DNA) codes for the structural and function al proteins needed for cell survival
  • Interphase
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3
Q

Cell reproduction

A

genetic information is passed from one generation to the next (most often: mitosis)

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4
Q

Centromere

A

Protein that holds chromatids together

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5
Q

Chromosome

A

one long piece of DNA

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6
Q

Sister Chromatids

A

two Chromatids held together by a Centromere

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7
Q

Interphase

A
  • growth phase of the cell life cycle can be subdivided into
  • G1(first growth phase)
  • S (the DNA synthesis phase)
  • G2 (the second growth phase)
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8
Q

G1

A
  • First step of Interphase
  • production of cytoplasm, more cell material is made
  • Right after division so the cell is (recovering) from the division
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9
Q

S

A

The DNA synthesis phase

  • Replication of the genome; done by base paring
  • Chromosome duplication
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10
Q

G2

A

The second growth phase

-in preparation for the next cell division

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11
Q

Mitosis

A
  • Cell division that results in 2 genetically identical daughter cells
  • Used for growth, repair, replacement, asexual reproduction
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12
Q

Meiosis

A
  • Cell division that results in 4 haploid, genetically unique daughter cells
  • Used for production of gametes (sexual reproduction)
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13
Q

Prophase

A

First Stage of Mitosis

  • DNA coils up into chromosomes
  • Nuclear envelope begins to decompose
  • Centrioles/microtubules separate and begin building spindle fibers
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14
Q

Metaphase

A

Second Stage of Mitosis

  • Chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell
  • Spindle fibers attach to the chromosome at the centromere
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15
Q

Anaphase

A

3rd stage of Mitosis

  • the spindle fibers pull the chromosomes apart at the centromere
  • the split chromosomes migrate towards opposite sides of the cell
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16
Q

Telophase

A

4th stage of mitosis

  • The chromosomes begin to uncoil
  • Nuclear envelope reforms
  • Spindle fibers decompose
  • Cytokinesis occurs
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17
Q

Cytokinesis

A

Part of Telophase (4th stage of Mitosis)

  • When the plasma membrane pulls together and pinches off into two cells
  • Cleavage furrow
18
Q

Cell Growth consists of what phase? What three sub-phases?

A

Interphase:

  • G1
  • S
  • G2
19
Q

Mitosis consists of what four stages?

A
  • Prophase
  • Metaphase
  • Anaphase
  • Telophase
20
Q

What sub-phase occurs during Telophase

A

Cytokinesis

21
Q

Humans Chromosomes

A

46 total chromosomes

  • 23 pairs (diploid) one of each chromosome is inherited from each parent
  • 1-22 are called autosome (not sex cells) and are numbered by size
  • Last pair consists of an XX(female) or XY(male)
22
Q

Haploid Gametes vs. Diploid Zygote

A 
Diploid Zygote (2n=46) 
Haploid Gametes (n=23) ex. Egg cell, Sperm Cell
(in Humans)
23
Q

Meiosis

A
  • Diploid parent cell becomes 4 haploid daughter cells
  • This happens across 2 divisions
  • Meiosis I
  • Meiosis II
24
Q

Meiosis I consists of what 4 phases

A 
Homologous Chromosomes separate 
Creates diversity
-Prophase I
-Metaphase I
-Anaphase I
-Telophase I
25
Q

Meiosis II consists of what 4 phases

A 
Sister chromosomes separate 
Turns diploid to Haploid cells
-Prophase II
-Metaphase II
-Anaphase II
-Telophase II
26
Q

Prophase I

A

the chromosomes recombine in a process called crossing over

27
Q

Metaphase I

A

the chromosomes are independently assorted

28
Q

Nondisjunction

A
  • when a pair of chromosomes fails to separate during meiosis
  • Chromosomal abnormalities are the cause of certain congenital disorders
29
Q

congenital

A

Born with

30
Q

Gametes

A

sexual reproduction cells

31
Q

Traits are the result of inherited sequences of DNA called ______. They can have variations called _______.
ex. The _____ for flower color in peas has 2 ______.

A

Gene. Alleles

32
Q

Diploid organisms carry ____ copies of each Gene

A

2 copies.

If you have two identical copies you are said to be Homozygous for that trait

33
Q

Homozygous

A

Has 2 identical alleles for a trait

34
Q

Heterozygous

A

2 different alleles for a trait

35
Q

What happens when an organism is heterozygous for a trait

A

They have two different alleles often one allele is expressed. this is the dominate allele

36
Q

How often are dominant alleles expressed?

A

Always

37
Q

Ones Genotype is

A

Their combination of Allele

38
Q

Ones phenotype

A

What you can see

Pheno- greek for eye

39
Q

Law of segregation

A

During meiosis, the chromosomes pairs divide and the gametes are haploid.

  • alleles in an organism are segregated in the gametes
  • offspring only inherit one allele from each parent ( resulting in a diploid zygote
40
Q

Law of independent assortment:

A
  • Pairs or alleles sort independently of each other

- The inheritance of one trait has no effect on the inheritance of the other

41
Q

Law of Dominance

A

Dominant alleles are always expressed and the un expressed trait is recessive

42
Q

Pedigree

A

Family tree showing the genetic history

Biology 1 (9 decks)

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