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Biology 1 > Ch. 6 Cellular Transport & Resperation > Flashcards

Ch. 6 Cellular Transport & Resperation Flashcards

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1
Q

Passive Transport

A

Does not use energy

  • Molecules move from areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration
  • Molecules move with the concentration gradient
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2
Q

Active Transport

A

Uses energy

-Molecules often move against the concentration gradient

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3
Q

Diffusion

A
  • Molecules move from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration (down a concentration gradient)
  • In cells this takes place across selectively permeable membranes
  • ex. gas exchange in lungs (O2 and CO2)
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4
Q

Main Types of passive transport

A
  • Diffusion

- Osmosis

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5
Q

Osmosis

A

-The diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane
(water concentration is determined by the amount of solutes)
-Isotonic
-Hypertonic
-Hypotonic

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6
Q

Isotonic

A
  • Same osmotic pressure as inside the cell
  • The solution is in equilibrium in regards to the cell
  • Type of Osmosis
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7
Q

Hypertonic Solution

A
  • Type of Osmotic solution
  • The solution has less osmotic pressure than inside the cell
  • Solution has more solutes than the cell
  • Water moves out of the cell by osmosis
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8
Q

Hypotonic solution

A

Type of Osmotic solution

  • the solution has more osmotic pressure than inside the cell
  • Solution has less solutes than the cell
  • water moves into the cell by osmosis
  • Animal cells will burst
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9
Q

Types of Active Transport

A
  1. Pumps

2. Vesicles

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10
Q

Pumps

A

Active transport

  • Use ATP
  • Move molecules against the concentration gradient
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11
Q

Vesicles

A

type of active transport

  • endocytosis
  • Exocytosis
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12
Q

Endocytosis

A
  • Cell engulfs particles with a piece of the plasma membrane

- ex. White blood cells

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13
Q

Exocytosis

A
  • Cell secrete or excrete particles by the bursting of a vesicle
  • ex. hormones
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14
Q

5 Types of Proteins in the plasma membrane

A
  1. Channel
  2. Enzymatic
  3. Receptor
  4. Maker
  5. Anchor
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15
Q

Channel Proteins f

A

Found in Plasma Membrane

-transport

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16
Q

Enzymatic Proteins

A

Found in the plasma membrane

  • metabolism
  • Have the active sites that break down compounds
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17
Q

Receptor Proteins

A

Found in the plasma membrane

-communication

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18
Q

Marker Proteins

A

Found in the plasma membrane

  • identification
  • identify other cells in the body and determine if they belong
  • ex. blood type
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19
Q

Anchor Proteins

A

found in the plasma membrane

  • tissue integrity
  • holds the cells together
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20
Q

Producers

A

Autotrophic

-Create organic molecules from inorganic molecules using photosynthesis

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21
Q

Consumers

A

Heterotrophic

-Must get certain organic molecules from the consumption of other living organisms

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22
Q

Autotrophic

A

Self feeding

23
Q

Heterotrophic

A

other-feeding

24
Q

Cellular respiration

A

-the metabolic pathway in cells by which glucose is broken down to yield its stored energy (that energy is transferred to ATP)
-overall equation
Glucose + Oxygen —-> carbon dioxide + Water

25
Q

Equation for Cellular Respiration

A

1Glucose + 6 Oxygen —–> 6 Carbon Dioxide + 6 Water + ATP

26
Q

3 basic stages of cellular respiration

A

called metabolic pathways

  1. Glycolysis
  2. Citric acid Cyclep
  3. Electron Transport Chain
27
Q

Glycolysis

A
  • first stage of cellular respiration
  • Occurs outside of the mitochondria in the cytoplasm
  • Glucose is broken apart into two pyruvic acid molecules
  • Yields energy which is transferred to ATP and NADH
28
Q

Phosphorylation

A
  • addition of a phosphate group to a molecule
  • Adds energy to the molecule (endergonic)
    ex. ADP + P —-> ATP
29
Q

Dephosphorylation

A
  • removal of a phosphate group from a molecule
  • releases energy from the molecule (exergonic)
    ex. ATP —–> ADP + P
30
Q

endergonic

A

Adds energy to a molecule

31
Q

exergonic

A

Releases energy from the molecule

32
Q

Couples Reactions

A

-reactions that occur together.
ex. oxidation & reaction
Phosphorylation & Dephosphorylation

33
Q

Oxidation

A

Removal of electron(s) from a molecule

  • exergonic (releases energy)
  • NADH —–> NAD
34
Q

Reduction

A

-addition of electron(s) to a molecule
-endergonic (Requires energy)
ex.
NAD —> NADH

35
Q

NAD+

A

Oxidized state

has room for 2 electrons

36
Q

NADH

A

reduced state

has 2 additional electrons

37
Q

Aerobic

A

with oxygen

38
Q

anaerobic

A

without oxygen

39
Q

What goes into Glycolysis and what comes out?

A 
In:
-Glucose
-ADP
-NAD+
Out:
-2 Pyruvic acid 
-ATP (Phosphorylation)
-NADH (Reduction)
40
Q

Oxidative Decarbonxylation

A

transition between glycolysis and the citric acid cycle

  • Pyruvic acid is converted into acetyl CoA
  • Losing carbon dioxide
  • Transferring some energy to NADH (reduction)
41
Q

What goes into Oxidative Decarboxylation and what comes out?

A 
In:
-Pyruvic acid
-NAD+
Out:
-CO2
-NADH
-Acetyl CoA
42
Q

Citric acid Cycle

A
  • repeating (cyclic) sequence of reactions that occurs inside the matrix of a mitochondrion
  • Acetyl CoA is bound to citric acid and then is broken down to yield waste CO2 and energy which is transferred to ATP and NADH and FADH2
43
Q

What goes into the Citric acid cycle and what comes out?

A 
In:
-Acetic acid
-ADP and P
-NAD+ and FAD
Out:
-CO2
-ATP
-NADH and FADH2
44
Q

4 steps of the electron transport system

A
  1. Oxidation reaction
  2. Proton Pump
  3. Electrostatic Energy Gradient
  4. Formation of water
45
Q

What is the final electron acceptor in the ETS?

A

O2 which forms H2O

46
Q

Oxidation reaction in relation to ETS

A

1st step of ETS
-Energized electrons (carried by NADH and FADH2) are transferred to special proteins embedded in the Cristae of mitochondria

47
Q

Proton Pump

A

2nd step of ETS
-As electrons are shuttled along a chain of proteins in the cristae, their energy is used to pump protons (H+) into the intermembrane space

48
Q

Electrostatic Energy Gradient

A

3rd step of ETS

-Protons flow back into the matrix through a channel called ATP synthase, and their kinetic energy is transferred to ATP

49
Q

Formation of water

A

-Low-energy electrons coming off the ETS bind to O2 and rejoin their protons to form water

50
Q

Whats the percent efficiency of cellular respiration?

A

40% of glucoses energy is converted to ATP

51
Q

What are the electron carriers? when full?

A

NAD+ and FAD
When full they are:
NADH and FADH2

52
Q

Most of the energy of cellular respiration comes from which stage?

A

ETS

53
Q

Fermentation

A

Anaerobic
-Occurs following glycolysis when oxygen is not available
-Converts pyruvic acid to waste
Oxidizes NADH —-> NAD to return to glycolysis
-Forms Lactic Acid

Biology 1 (9 decks)

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