Ch. 6 Cellular Transport & Resperation

Question 1

Passive Transport

Answer 1

Does not use energy

• Molecules move from areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration
• Molecules move with the concentration gradient

Question 2

Active Transport

Answer 2

Uses energy

-Molecules often move against the concentration gradient

Question 3

Diffusion

Answer 3

• Molecules move from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration (down a concentration gradient)
• In cells this takes place across selectively permeable membranes
• ex. gas exchange in lungs (O2 and CO2)

Question 4

Main Types of passive transport

Answer 4

• Diffusion

- Osmosis

Question 5

Osmosis

Answer 5

-The diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane
(water concentration is determined by the amount of solutes)
-Isotonic
-Hypertonic
-Hypotonic

Question 6

Isotonic

Answer 6

• Same osmotic pressure as inside the cell
• The solution is in equilibrium in regards to the cell
• Type of Osmosis

Question 7

Hypertonic Solution

Answer 7

• Type of Osmotic solution
• The solution has less osmotic pressure than inside the cell
• Solution has more solutes than the cell
• Water moves out of the cell by osmosis

Question 8

Hypotonic solution

Answer 8

Type of Osmotic solution

• the solution has more osmotic pressure than inside the cell
• Solution has less solutes than the cell
• water moves into the cell by osmosis
• Animal cells will burst

Question 9

Types of Active Transport

Answer 9

1. Pumps

2. Vesicles

Question 10

Pumps

Answer 10

Active transport

• Use ATP
• Move molecules against the concentration gradient

Question 11

Vesicles

Answer 11

type of active transport

• endocytosis
• Exocytosis

Question 12

Endocytosis

Answer 12

• Cell engulfs particles with a piece of the plasma membrane

- ex. White blood cells

Question 13

Exocytosis

Answer 13

• Cell secrete or excrete particles by the bursting of a vesicle
• ex. hormones

Question 14

5 Types of Proteins in the plasma membrane

Answer 14

1. Channel
2. Enzymatic
3. Receptor
4. Maker
5. Anchor

Question 15

Channel Proteins f

Answer 15

Found in Plasma Membrane

-transport

Question 16

Enzymatic Proteins

Answer 16

Found in the plasma membrane

• metabolism
• Have the active sites that break down compounds

Question 17

Receptor Proteins

Answer 17

Found in the plasma membrane

-communication

Question 18

Marker Proteins

Answer 18

Found in the plasma membrane

• identification
• identify other cells in the body and determine if they belong
• ex. blood type

Question 19

Anchor Proteins

Answer 19

found in the plasma membrane

• tissue integrity
• holds the cells together

Question 20

Producers

Answer 20

Autotrophic

-Create organic molecules from inorganic molecules using photosynthesis

Question 21

Consumers

Answer 21

Heterotrophic

-Must get certain organic molecules from the consumption of other living organisms

Question 22

Autotrophic

Answer 22

Self feeding

Question 23

Heterotrophic

Answer 23

other-feeding

Question 24

Cellular respiration

Answer 24

-the metabolic pathway in cells by which glucose is broken down to yield its stored energy (that energy is transferred to ATP)
-overall equation
Glucose + Oxygen —-> carbon dioxide + Water

Question 25

Equation for Cellular Respiration

Answer 25

1Glucose + 6 Oxygen -----> 6 Carbon Dioxide + 6 Water + ATP

Question 26

3 basic stages of cellular respiration

Answer 26

called metabolic pathways 1. Glycolysis 2. Citric acid Cyclep 3. Electron Transport Chain

Question 27

Glycolysis

Answer 27

- first stage of cellular respiration - Occurs outside of the mitochondria in the cytoplasm - Glucose is broken apart into two pyruvic acid molecules - Yields energy which is transferred to ATP and NADH

Question 28

Phosphorylation

Answer 28

- addition of a phosphate group to a molecule - Adds energy to the molecule (endergonic) ex. ADP + P ----> ATP

Question 29

Dephosphorylation

Answer 29

- removal of a phosphate group from a molecule - releases energy from the molecule (exergonic) ex. ATP -----> ADP + P

Question 30

endergonic

Answer 30

Adds energy to a molecule

Question 31

exergonic

Answer 31

Releases energy from the molecule

Question 32

Couples Reactions

Answer 32

-reactions that occur together. ex. oxidation & reaction Phosphorylation & Dephosphorylation

Question 33

Oxidation

Answer 33

Removal of electron(s) from a molecule - exergonic (releases energy) - NADH -----> NAD

Question 34

Reduction

Answer 34

-addition of electron(s) to a molecule -endergonic (Requires energy) ex. NAD ---> NADH

Question 35

NAD+

Answer 35

Oxidized state | has room for 2 electrons

Question 36

NADH

Answer 36

reduced state | has 2 additional electrons

Question 37

Aerobic

Answer 37

with oxygen

Question 38

anaerobic

Answer 38

without oxygen

Question 39

What goes into Glycolysis and what comes out?

Answer 39

``` In: -Glucose -ADP -NAD+ Out: -2 Pyruvic acid -ATP (Phosphorylation) -NADH (Reduction) ```

Question 40

Oxidative Decarbonxylation

Answer 40

transition between glycolysis and the citric acid cycle - Pyruvic acid is converted into acetyl CoA - Losing carbon dioxide - Transferring some energy to NADH (reduction)

Question 41

What goes into Oxidative Decarboxylation and what comes out?

Answer 41

``` In: -Pyruvic acid -NAD+ Out: -CO2 -NADH -Acetyl CoA ```

Question 42

Citric acid Cycle

Answer 42

- repeating (cyclic) sequence of reactions that occurs inside the matrix of a mitochondrion - Acetyl CoA is bound to citric acid and then is broken down to yield waste CO2 and energy which is transferred to ATP and NADH and FADH2

Question 43

What goes into the Citric acid cycle and what comes out?

Answer 43

``` In: -Acetic acid -ADP and P -NAD+ and FAD Out: -CO2 -ATP -NADH and FADH2 ```

Question 44

4 steps of the electron transport system

Answer 44

1. Oxidation reaction 2. Proton Pump 3. Electrostatic Energy Gradient 4. Formation of water

Question 45

What is the final electron acceptor in the ETS?

Answer 45

O2 which forms H2O

Question 46

Oxidation reaction in relation to ETS

Answer 46

1st step of ETS -Energized electrons (carried by NADH and FADH2) are transferred to special proteins embedded in the Cristae of mitochondria

Question 47

Proton Pump

Answer 47

2nd step of ETS -As electrons are shuttled along a chain of proteins in the cristae, their energy is used to pump protons (H+) into the intermembrane space

Question 48

Electrostatic Energy Gradient

Answer 48

3rd step of ETS | -Protons flow back into the matrix through a channel called ATP synthase, and their kinetic energy is transferred to ATP

Question 49

Formation of water

Answer 49

-Low-energy electrons coming off the ETS bind to O2 and rejoin their protons to form water

Question 50

Whats the percent efficiency of cellular respiration?

Answer 50

40% of glucoses energy is converted to ATP

Question 51

What are the electron carriers? when full?

Answer 51

NAD+ and FAD When full they are: NADH and FADH2

Question 52

Most of the energy of cellular respiration comes from which stage?

Answer 52

ETS

Question 53

Fermentation

Answer 53

Anaerobic -Occurs following glycolysis when oxygen is not available -Converts pyruvic acid to waste Oxidizes NADH ----> NAD to return to glycolysis -Forms Lactic Acid