Ch. 6 Cellular Transport & Resperation Flashcards
Passive Transport
Does not use energy
- Molecules move from areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration
- Molecules move with the concentration gradient
Active Transport
Uses energy
-Molecules often move against the concentration gradient
Diffusion
- Molecules move from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration (down a concentration gradient)
- In cells this takes place across selectively permeable membranes
- ex. gas exchange in lungs (O2 and CO2)
Main Types of passive transport
- Diffusion
- Osmosis
Osmosis
-The diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane
(water concentration is determined by the amount of solutes)
-Isotonic
-Hypertonic
-Hypotonic
Isotonic
- Same osmotic pressure as inside the cell
- The solution is in equilibrium in regards to the cell
- Type of Osmosis
Hypertonic Solution
- Type of Osmotic solution
- The solution has less osmotic pressure than inside the cell
- Solution has more solutes than the cell
- Water moves out of the cell by osmosis
Hypotonic solution
Type of Osmotic solution
- the solution has more osmotic pressure than inside the cell
- Solution has less solutes than the cell
- water moves into the cell by osmosis
- Animal cells will burst
Types of Active Transport
- Pumps
2. Vesicles
Pumps
Active transport
- Use ATP
- Move molecules against the concentration gradient
Vesicles
type of active transport
- endocytosis
- Exocytosis
Endocytosis
- Cell engulfs particles with a piece of the plasma membrane
- ex. White blood cells
Exocytosis
- Cell secrete or excrete particles by the bursting of a vesicle
- ex. hormones
5 Types of Proteins in the plasma membrane
- Channel
- Enzymatic
- Receptor
- Maker
- Anchor
Channel Proteins f
Found in Plasma Membrane
-transport
Enzymatic Proteins
Found in the plasma membrane
- metabolism
- Have the active sites that break down compounds
Receptor Proteins
Found in the plasma membrane
-communication
Marker Proteins
Found in the plasma membrane
- identification
- identify other cells in the body and determine if they belong
- ex. blood type
Anchor Proteins
found in the plasma membrane
- tissue integrity
- holds the cells together
Producers
Autotrophic
-Create organic molecules from inorganic molecules using photosynthesis
Consumers
Heterotrophic
-Must get certain organic molecules from the consumption of other living organisms
Autotrophic
Self feeding
Heterotrophic
other-feeding
Cellular respiration
-the metabolic pathway in cells by which glucose is broken down to yield its stored energy (that energy is transferred to ATP)
-overall equation
Glucose + Oxygen —-> carbon dioxide + Water
Equation for Cellular Respiration
1Glucose + 6 Oxygen —–> 6 Carbon Dioxide + 6 Water + ATP
3 basic stages of cellular respiration
called metabolic pathways
- Glycolysis
- Citric acid Cyclep
- Electron Transport Chain
Glycolysis
- first stage of cellular respiration
- Occurs outside of the mitochondria in the cytoplasm
- Glucose is broken apart into two pyruvic acid molecules
- Yields energy which is transferred to ATP and NADH
Phosphorylation
- addition of a phosphate group to a molecule
- Adds energy to the molecule (endergonic)
ex. ADP + P —-> ATP
Dephosphorylation
- removal of a phosphate group from a molecule
- releases energy from the molecule (exergonic)
ex. ATP —–> ADP + P
endergonic
Adds energy to a molecule
exergonic
Releases energy from the molecule
Couples Reactions
-reactions that occur together.
ex. oxidation & reaction
Phosphorylation & Dephosphorylation
Oxidation
Removal of electron(s) from a molecule
- exergonic (releases energy)
- NADH —–> NAD
Reduction
-addition of electron(s) to a molecule
-endergonic (Requires energy)
ex.
NAD —> NADH
NAD+
Oxidized state
has room for 2 electrons
NADH
reduced state
has 2 additional electrons
Aerobic
with oxygen
anaerobic
without oxygen
What goes into Glycolysis and what comes out?
In: -Glucose -ADP -NAD+ Out: -2 Pyruvic acid -ATP (Phosphorylation) -NADH (Reduction)
Oxidative Decarbonxylation
transition between glycolysis and the citric acid cycle
- Pyruvic acid is converted into acetyl CoA
- Losing carbon dioxide
- Transferring some energy to NADH (reduction)
What goes into Oxidative Decarboxylation and what comes out?
In: -Pyruvic acid -NAD+ Out: -CO2 -NADH -Acetyl CoA
Citric acid Cycle
- repeating (cyclic) sequence of reactions that occurs inside the matrix of a mitochondrion
- Acetyl CoA is bound to citric acid and then is broken down to yield waste CO2 and energy which is transferred to ATP and NADH and FADH2
What goes into the Citric acid cycle and what comes out?
In: -Acetic acid -ADP and P -NAD+ and FAD Out: -CO2 -ATP -NADH and FADH2
4 steps of the electron transport system
- Oxidation reaction
- Proton Pump
- Electrostatic Energy Gradient
- Formation of water
What is the final electron acceptor in the ETS?
O2 which forms H2O
Oxidation reaction in relation to ETS
1st step of ETS
-Energized electrons (carried by NADH and FADH2) are transferred to special proteins embedded in the Cristae of mitochondria
Proton Pump
2nd step of ETS
-As electrons are shuttled along a chain of proteins in the cristae, their energy is used to pump protons (H+) into the intermembrane space
Electrostatic Energy Gradient
3rd step of ETS
-Protons flow back into the matrix through a channel called ATP synthase, and their kinetic energy is transferred to ATP
Formation of water
-Low-energy electrons coming off the ETS bind to O2 and rejoin their protons to form water
Whats the percent efficiency of cellular respiration?
40% of glucoses energy is converted to ATP
What are the electron carriers? when full?
NAD+ and FAD
When full they are:
NADH and FADH2
Most of the energy of cellular respiration comes from which stage?
ETS
Fermentation
Anaerobic
-Occurs following glycolysis when oxygen is not available
-Converts pyruvic acid to waste
Oxidizes NADH —-> NAD to return to glycolysis
-Forms Lactic Acid
