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Biology 1 > Test 4- Gene Regulation > Flashcards

Test 4- Gene Regulation Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the 6 categories of Biotechnology?

A
  1. Cloning
  2. Recombinant DNA
  3. DNA profiling
  4. Genomics
  5. Human Gene Therapy
  6. Synthetic DNA
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2
Q

Example of Gene Regulation

A

The lac operon:

  • E coli requires three metabolic proteins to digest lactose
  • All three genes are located in a row on the DNA beginning with a single promoter
  • Connected to the promoter is a noncoding section of DNA called the operator
  • Operator+promoter+the 3 genes=operon
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3
Q

Pathogenic

A

causes disease

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4
Q

An operon consists of what?

A

Promotor followed by an operator followed by the genes of the operon

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5
Q

The Promotor does what in gene regulation?

A

Promotor:

  • RNA polymerase binding site
  • Ahead of the operator and the coding genes in the operon
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6
Q

What is the Operator in Gene Regulation?

A

The Operator:

  • switches the operon on or off
  • Follows the promotor and is before the genes
  • operator will turn off the production of Lactose-utilization genes when there is no lactose present.
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7
Q

What is an active repressor in Gene Regulation?

A

The Active repressor:
-attaches to the operator in order to block RNA polymerase from attaching to the promotor. Thereby stopping the production of Lactose-utilization genes

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8
Q

In The lac operon what happens when lactose is present?

A

It will bind to the Active repressor changing the proteins shape making it unable to bind to the operator. Without the Active repressor blocking the RNA polymerase from attaching to the Promotor the RNA polymerase can attach and begin coding for Lactose-utilization genes.

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9
Q

What 5 stages of protein synthesis can Gene regulation occur?

A
  1. DNA packing
  2. Regulation of transcription
  3. Alternative RNA splicing
  4. Regulation of translation
  5. Protein alterations
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10
Q

DNA packing

A

Stage in Protein synthesis that Gene Regulation can occur.

  • Only one X chromosome is “unpacked” for gene expression.
  • ex. Tortoiseshell cats
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11
Q

Regulation of Transcription

A

Stage of Protein synthesis where Gene Regulation can occur

  • Activators- Activate certain genes
  • Silencers- Deactivates a gene
  • Enhancers- DNA control sequences
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12
Q

Alternative RNA splicing

A

Stage of Protein synthesis where Gene Regulation can occur

-the splicing of RNA so that the mRNA does not code correctly

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13
Q

Regulation of translation

A

Stage of Protein synthesis where Gene Regulation can occur

-Breaks down the mRNA in the Cytoplasm

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14
Q

Protein alterations

A

Stage of Protein synthesis where Gene Regulation can occur

  • Breakdown of Proteins after they are formed in the cytoplasm
  • ex. insulin
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15
Q

Cell Signaling

A

Form of Gene Regulation

-Neighbor cells can communicate with each other and regulation what genes to code for.

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16
Q

Master Genes

A

-regulate Gene Regulations

17
Q

Homeotic genes

A

example of Master Genes

  • Map out how the body is formed.
    ex. Legs here, Arms here.
18
Q

Nondisjunction

A

one of the genetic basis of disease

  • When a pair of chromosomes fails to separate during meiosis
  • Chromosomal abnormalities are the cause of certain congenital disorders
19
Q

What causes chromosomal abnormalities?

A 
Chromosomal additions (ex Down Syndrome i.e. Trisomy 21)
Chromosomal deletions (ex. Monosomy X)
20
Q

Errors in replication

A

one of the genetic basis of disease

  • Mutations
  • Cause of Cancer in body cells
  • Cause of genetic disease if occurs in gametes
21
Q

Causes of Mutations

A
  • random changes in DNA
  • Most come from copy errors
  • Normally mutations are benign due to 90% of our genes are noncoding so have no affect.
22
Q

Viruses

A

one of the genetic basis of disease

  • Usually composed of protein coat with genetic material inside (DNA or RNA)
  • Infect living cells in order to co-opt replication and protein synthesis
23
Q

The 3 Genetic basis of Disease

A
  1. Errors in Meiosis
  2. Errors in Replication
  3. Viruses
24
Q

Cloning

A

An example of Biotechnology

  • Clone= genetic duplicate
  • plants have been cloned for centuries
  • First mammalian clone was produced in 1997
25
Q

2 Forms of Cloning

A

Reproductive cloning

Therapeutic cloning

26
Q

Reproductive cloning

A

One of two forms of cloning

-Clone is implanted in a surrogate and has a “normal” gestation and birth

27
Q

Therapeutic cloning

A

One of two forms of cloning

-cloning stem cells for the purpose of growing other tissues

28
Q

Recombinant DNA

A

An example of Biotechnology

  • “Gene Splicing”
    ex. insulin
29
Q

Process of Gene Splicing

A
  • isolate plasmids from bacterial cell
  • isolate desired DNA fragments from cell of interest
  • Cut both DNA’s with enzyme
  • Mix the DNA’s (desired and isolated plasmids)
  • The DNA’s will combine
  • Put the recombinant DNA plasmids back in the bacteria
  • Bacteria ill duplicate with new DNA
30
Q

DNA profiling

A

An example of Biotechnology

  • STR- Short Tandem repeats
  • PCR- Polymerase chain reaction
  • Restriction enzymes
  • Gel electrophoresis
31
Q

How to conduct DNA fingerprinting

A
  • Put Initial DNA segment in a PCR
  • Cut up DNA with enzymes
  • With an electrical current the smaller DNA fragments will travel further in the gel electrophoresis and give a series of lines that can be used to identify DNA
32
Q

Genomics

A

An example of Biotechnology

  • The science of mapping and studying whole Genomes
    ex. the human genome Project
33
Q

Human Gene Therapy

A

An example of Biotechnology

-Use a virus, by replacing it’s DNA with desired DNA, as a vector for a cure.

34
Q

Synthetic DNA

A

An example of Biotechnology

-using enzymes of DNA to create artificial DNA

Biology 1 (9 decks)

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