Test 4- Gene Regulation Flashcards
What are the 6 categories of Biotechnology?
- Cloning
- Recombinant DNA
- DNA profiling
- Genomics
- Human Gene Therapy
- Synthetic DNA
Example of Gene Regulation
The lac operon:
- E coli requires three metabolic proteins to digest lactose
- All three genes are located in a row on the DNA beginning with a single promoter
- Connected to the promoter is a noncoding section of DNA called the operator
- Operator+promoter+the 3 genes=operon
Pathogenic
causes disease
An operon consists of what?
Promotor followed by an operator followed by the genes of the operon
The Promotor does what in gene regulation?
Promotor:
- RNA polymerase binding site
- Ahead of the operator and the coding genes in the operon
What is the Operator in Gene Regulation?
The Operator:
- switches the operon on or off
- Follows the promotor and is before the genes
- operator will turn off the production of Lactose-utilization genes when there is no lactose present.
What is an active repressor in Gene Regulation?
The Active repressor:
-attaches to the operator in order to block RNA polymerase from attaching to the promotor. Thereby stopping the production of Lactose-utilization genes
In The lac operon what happens when lactose is present?
It will bind to the Active repressor changing the proteins shape making it unable to bind to the operator. Without the Active repressor blocking the RNA polymerase from attaching to the Promotor the RNA polymerase can attach and begin coding for Lactose-utilization genes.
What 5 stages of protein synthesis can Gene regulation occur?
- DNA packing
- Regulation of transcription
- Alternative RNA splicing
- Regulation of translation
- Protein alterations
DNA packing
Stage in Protein synthesis that Gene Regulation can occur.
- Only one X chromosome is “unpacked” for gene expression.
- ex. Tortoiseshell cats
Regulation of Transcription
Stage of Protein synthesis where Gene Regulation can occur
- Activators- Activate certain genes
- Silencers- Deactivates a gene
- Enhancers- DNA control sequences
Alternative RNA splicing
Stage of Protein synthesis where Gene Regulation can occur
-the splicing of RNA so that the mRNA does not code correctly
Regulation of translation
Stage of Protein synthesis where Gene Regulation can occur
-Breaks down the mRNA in the Cytoplasm
Protein alterations
Stage of Protein synthesis where Gene Regulation can occur
- Breakdown of Proteins after they are formed in the cytoplasm
- ex. insulin
Cell Signaling
Form of Gene Regulation
-Neighbor cells can communicate with each other and regulation what genes to code for.
Master Genes
-regulate Gene Regulations
Homeotic genes
example of Master Genes
- Map out how the body is formed.
ex. Legs here, Arms here.
Nondisjunction
one of the genetic basis of disease
- When a pair of chromosomes fails to separate during meiosis
- Chromosomal abnormalities are the cause of certain congenital disorders
What causes chromosomal abnormalities?
Chromosomal additions (ex Down Syndrome i.e. Trisomy 21) Chromosomal deletions (ex. Monosomy X)
Errors in replication
one of the genetic basis of disease
- Mutations
- Cause of Cancer in body cells
- Cause of genetic disease if occurs in gametes
Causes of Mutations
- random changes in DNA
- Most come from copy errors
- Normally mutations are benign due to 90% of our genes are noncoding so have no affect.
Viruses
one of the genetic basis of disease
- Usually composed of protein coat with genetic material inside (DNA or RNA)
- Infect living cells in order to co-opt replication and protein synthesis
The 3 Genetic basis of Disease
- Errors in Meiosis
- Errors in Replication
- Viruses
Cloning
An example of Biotechnology
- Clone= genetic duplicate
- plants have been cloned for centuries
- First mammalian clone was produced in 1997
2 Forms of Cloning
Reproductive cloning
Therapeutic cloning
Reproductive cloning
One of two forms of cloning
-Clone is implanted in a surrogate and has a “normal” gestation and birth
Therapeutic cloning
One of two forms of cloning
-cloning stem cells for the purpose of growing other tissues
Recombinant DNA
An example of Biotechnology
- “Gene Splicing”
ex. insulin
Process of Gene Splicing
- isolate plasmids from bacterial cell
- isolate desired DNA fragments from cell of interest
- Cut both DNA’s with enzyme
- Mix the DNA’s (desired and isolated plasmids)
- The DNA’s will combine
- Put the recombinant DNA plasmids back in the bacteria
- Bacteria ill duplicate with new DNA
DNA profiling
An example of Biotechnology
- STR- Short Tandem repeats
- PCR- Polymerase chain reaction
- Restriction enzymes
- Gel electrophoresis
How to conduct DNA fingerprinting
- Put Initial DNA segment in a PCR
- Cut up DNA with enzymes
- With an electrical current the smaller DNA fragments will travel further in the gel electrophoresis and give a series of lines that can be used to identify DNA
Genomics
An example of Biotechnology
- The science of mapping and studying whole Genomes
ex. the human genome Project
Human Gene Therapy
An example of Biotechnology
-Use a virus, by replacing it’s DNA with desired DNA, as a vector for a cure.
Synthetic DNA
An example of Biotechnology
-using enzymes of DNA to create artificial DNA
