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Biology 1 > Test III- Ch. 9 Beyong Mendal > Flashcards

Test III- Ch. 9 Beyong Mendal Flashcards

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1
Q

Incomplete dominance and co-dominance

A

When a heterozygous individual inherits 2 dominant alleles, they both get expressed.
ex. Red flower + white flower = pink flower

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2
Q

Multiple alleles

A

Most genes occur in more than 2 forms

ex. Blood type

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3
Q

Pleiotropy

A

a single gene determines or influences more than 1 characteristic.
ex. sickle cell results in multiple effects

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4
Q

polygenic inheritance

A

multiple genes contribute to a single trait

ex. skin color, average height

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5
Q

sex linked traits

A

located on the X or Y chromosome and are inherited differently by males and females

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6
Q

autosome

A

non-sex linked chromosome

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7
Q

proteins

A
  • composed of folded chains of amino acids

- Shape specific- function is directly related to form

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8
Q

Nucleic acids

A

DNA- double helix of nucleotides

RNA-single strand of nucleotides

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9
Q

Nitrogenous bases found in DNA

A

Adenine ——– Thymine

Guanine——–Cytosine

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10
Q

DNA replication

A
  1. DNA strand is “unzipped” by DNA polymerase (an enzyme)

2. Free bases attach to the strand following the base pair rule

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11
Q

What nitrogenous bases are used in RNA

A

Adenine ——– Uracil

Guanine——— Cytosine

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12
Q

Protein synthesis

A
  • Gene
  • RNA
  • Protein
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13
Q

Gene role in Protein synthesis

A

-a specific segment of a DNA molecule which “codes” for synthesizing of one RNA molecule

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14
Q

Types of RNA and their functions

A 
Coding RNA
-mRNA- "messenger"
Noncoding 
-rRNA- "ribosomal" 
-tRNA- "transfer"
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15
Q

2 steps of Protein Synthesis

A
  1. Transcription (in nucleus)

2. Translation (in cytoplasm)

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16
Q

Transcription 3 steps

A

Initiation
Elongation
Termination

17
Q

Initiation (Transcription)

A

1st step of Transcription

-RNA polymerase attaches to the DNA at the promoter

18
Q

promoter DNA

A

Length along the DNA strand where RNA polymerase attaches to the DNA to begin Transcription

19
Q

Elongation (Transcription)

A

2nd stage of Transcription

-RNA polymerase grows the RNA strand using the DNA as a template.

20
Q

Termination (Transcription)

A

3rd stage of Transcription

-Transcription stops when the RNA polymerase reaches a terminator

21
Q

Terminator DNA

A

strand of Dna that signals an end to Transcription

22
Q

RNA splicing

A
  • Occurs in Eukaryotes
  • mRNA is fitted with a cap and tail
  • the introns are removed and the exons are spliced together
23
Q

Intron

A

Sniped out of the RNA as unnecessary junk between Transcription and Translation

24
Q

Exons

A

Expressed bits of RNA that are kept for Translation

25
Q

Translation important structures

A

mRNA
rRNA
tRNA

26
Q

mRNA

A
  • Messenger

- Carries the specific nucleotide sequence of the gene in triplets called codons

27
Q

rRNA

A

“Ribosomal”

-The ribosome is primarily composed of rRNA

28
Q

tRNA

A

“transfer”

  • Has the ability to transport amino acids
  • Contains an anticodon
29
Q

3 steps of Translation

A

Initiation
Elongation
Termination

30
Q

Initiation (Translation)

A

1st step of Translation
The small and large subunit of the ribosome bind around a start codon.
-Start Codon- AUG

31
Q

Elongation (Translation)

A

Elongation 2nd step of Translation

  • Codon Recognition
  • Peptide bond Formation
  • Translocation
32
Q

Peptide bond Formation

A

State of Translation Elongation

because the tRNA is bound to an amino acid, the ribosome can now form a peptide bond between amino acids.

33
Q

Translocation

A

Stage of Translation Elongation

-the tRNA in the A site is removed; the tRNA in the P site moves over

34
Q

Termination (translation)

A

3rd Stage of Translation

-the ribosomes stop when it reaches a “stop codon”

35
Q

2 Steps of Protein Synthesis

A
  • Transcription (in nucleus)

- Translation (in cytoplasm)

36
Q

Mutations

A
  • Random changes in DNA

- Most come fro copy errors

Biology 1 (9 decks)

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