- One of the primary instruments of biology - First used to describe cells by Hooke in 1665 - Light Microscope (1000X) - Electron microscope (100,000X)

- smaller - simpler - Most do not have membrane-enclosed organelles - bacteria and archaea

- Larger - More complex - Membrane-enclosed organelles - Protists, plants, fungi, animals

- Provides a barrier - Controls transport - Phospholipid bilayer - Cholesterol - Proteins

- Gel-like internal substance of cells - Includes many organelles suspended in watery fluid called cytosol

- Only Eukaryotes - Nuclear envelope- Double phospholipid bilayer - Nuclear pores- openings in the nuclear envelope - Chromatin- genetic material - Nucleolus- the "little nucleus"

- Non-membranous structures - Composed of RNA and protein - Some are attached to nuclear envelope and Rough-E.R. - Some are freely flouting in cytoplasm

- site of protein synthesis - reads mRNA and produces proteins

- Plasma Membrane - Cytoplasm - Nucleus - Ribosomes - Endoplasmic Reticulum - Golgi Apparatus - Lysosomes - Vacuoles - Chloroplasts - Mitochondria - Cytoskeleton - Cell extensions

Ch.4 Basic Cellular Anatomy And Physiology Flashcards by James Springer

Microscope

One of the primary instruments of biology
First used to describe cells by Hooke in 1665
Light Microscope (1000X)
Electron microscope (100,000X)

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Prokaryotes

smaller
simpler
Most do not have membrane-enclosed organelles
bacteria and archaea

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Eukaryotes

Larger
More complex
Membrane-enclosed organelles
Protists, plants, fungi, animals

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Plasma Membrane

Provides a barrier
Controls transport
Phospholipid bilayer
Cholesterol
Proteins

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What is the primary structure of a cell membrane?

Double layer of phospholipid molecules:

phospholipid bilayer
heads are hydrophilic (“water loving”)
tails are hydrophobic (“water fearing”)
Arrange themselves in bilayer in water

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Other components of plasma membrane?

Cholesterol-provides integrity to the phospholipid bilayer
Proteins:
-Structural
-perform many metabolic functions

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Cytoplasm

Gel-like internal substance of cells

- Includes many organelles suspended in watery fluid called cytosol

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Nucleus

Only Eukaryotes
Nuclear envelope- Double phospholipid bilayer
Nuclear pores- openings in the nuclear envelope
Chromatin- genetic material
Nucleolus- the “little nucleus”

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Physiology of the Nucleus

Contains genetic information of the cell
Directs the cell’s protein synthesis
Controls the anatomy and physiology of the cell

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Nuclear envelope

double phospholipid bilayer

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Nuclear pores

Found in Nucleus

-Openings in the nuclear envelope

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Chromatin

Found in Nucleus

-genetic material

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Nucleolus

Found in Nucleus

-the “little nucleus”

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Ribosomes anatomy

Non-membranous structures
Composed of RNA and protein
Some are attached to nuclear envelope and Rough-E.R.
Some are freely flouting in cytoplasm

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Ribosomes physiology

site of protein synthesis

- reads mRNA and produces proteins

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12 Parts of Cells

Plasma Membrane
Cytoplasm
Nucleus
Ribosomes
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Golgi Apparatus
Lysosomes
Vacuoles
Chloroplasts
Mitochondria
Cytoskeleton
Cell extensions

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Endoplasmic Reticulum anatomy

-A winding phospholipid bilayer of canals, tubes, sacs, and flat membranes.

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Physiology of Endoplasmic Reticulum

Subdivides the cell (for multitasking)

- intercellular transport (molecules move through the canals)

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Two basic types of ER

Rough ER

- Smooth ER

Rough ER

Contains Ribosomes

- Function in protein synthesis

Smooth ER

no ribosomes

- synthesize certain lipids and carbohydrates

Transport vesicle

A pinched off portion of a phospholipid bilayer that is used to transport something through the cell.

Golgi Apparatus anatomy

Consists of stacked cisternae (golgi bodies)

- Cisternae produce vesicles

Golgi Apparatus physiology

Packages proteins (usually produced by the rough ER)
Contents may then be secreted (secretory vesicle)
Example: glands

What is the function of the Golgi Aparatus

Takes transport vesicles from the Rough ER and repackages them to transport them to the plasma membrane.

Lysosomes anatomy

- Made of microscopic membranous sacs - "Pinched off" from Golgi Apparatus - Contain digestive enzymes

Lys-

prefix meaning kill on contact

Lysosome physiology

- Digest defective/old/useless cell parts - Digest entire cell if burst - example: white blood cells

How does a Lysosome digest?

The Lysosome will engulf the food particles or the dying cell by combining or surrounding the cell with its phospholipid bilayer.

Vacuoles Anatomy

- Membranous sacs of varying size (very large in plants) | - "Pinched off" from the Golgi apparatus or ER or plasma membrane.

Vacuoles physiology

-Most are some kind of storage facility. ex: contractile vacuoles in protists that collect water central vacuole in plants that can contain food, waste, and poison.

Chloroplasts anatomy

- 3 compartment system enclosed by membranes - Double phospholipid bilayer. - inner and outer membranes - contains: - Stroma - Grana - Thylakoid

Stroma

-liquid inside the inner membrane of the Chloroplasts

Grana

Stacks of disk shaped membrane bodies found in chloroplasts made up of thylakoids

Thylakoids

Individual "Coins" that make up Granum

Chloroplast physiology

- Site of Photosynthesis | - Where plants convert sunlight and CO2 into food

Mitochondria Anatomy

Composed of a double membrane system - Outer membrane - Inner membrane with Cristae - Matrix - Intermembrane Space

Cristae

folds of the inner membrane of a mitochondria

What part of the cell has it's own DNA, produces it's own enzymes and is self-replicating?

Mitochondria

Mitochondria physiology

- The "power plants" of cells - produce ATP - Main site of cellular respiration

Cytoskeleton Anatomy

- the cell's internal supporting framework. | - made of rigid, rodlike proteins (intermediate filaments) and microtubules.

Cytoskeleton Physiology

- Gives the cell shape - Allows for movement - anchors organelles - Provides "tracks" for the movement of molecules and organelles

Cell Extensions

- Cilia - Flagella - Microvilli

Cilia

- Short cell processes made of microtubules - usually numerous on cells that have them - external - have coordinated movements

Flagella

- Long cell process made of microtubules | - Move with a tail-like movement that propels cell forward

Microvilli

The cell extensions are formed from proteins within the cell that change the form of the cell membrane