Ch.4 Basic Cellular Anatomy And Physiology Flashcards
Microscope
- One of the primary instruments of biology
- First used to describe cells by Hooke in 1665
- Light Microscope (1000X)
- Electron microscope (100,000X)
Prokaryotes
- smaller
- simpler
- Most do not have membrane-enclosed organelles
- bacteria and archaea
Eukaryotes
- Larger
- More complex
- Membrane-enclosed organelles
- Protists, plants, fungi, animals
Plasma Membrane
- Provides a barrier
- Controls transport
- Phospholipid bilayer
- Cholesterol
- Proteins
What is the primary structure of a cell membrane?
Double layer of phospholipid molecules:
- phospholipid bilayer
- heads are hydrophilic (“water loving”)
- tails are hydrophobic (“water fearing”)
- Arrange themselves in bilayer in water
Other components of plasma membrane?
Cholesterol-provides integrity to the phospholipid bilayer
Proteins:
-Structural
-perform many metabolic functions
Cytoplasm
- Gel-like internal substance of cells
- Includes many organelles suspended in watery fluid called cytosol
Nucleus
- Only Eukaryotes
- Nuclear envelope- Double phospholipid bilayer
- Nuclear pores- openings in the nuclear envelope
- Chromatin- genetic material
- Nucleolus- the “little nucleus”
Physiology of the Nucleus
- Contains genetic information of the cell
- Directs the cell’s protein synthesis
- Controls the anatomy and physiology of the cell
Nuclear envelope
double phospholipid bilayer
Nuclear pores
Found in Nucleus
-Openings in the nuclear envelope
Chromatin
Found in Nucleus
-genetic material
Nucleolus
Found in Nucleus
-the “little nucleus”
Ribosomes anatomy
- Non-membranous structures
- Composed of RNA and protein
- Some are attached to nuclear envelope and Rough-E.R.
- Some are freely flouting in cytoplasm
Ribosomes physiology
- site of protein synthesis
- reads mRNA and produces proteins
12 Parts of Cells
- Plasma Membrane
- Cytoplasm
- Nucleus
- Ribosomes
- Endoplasmic Reticulum
- Golgi Apparatus
- Lysosomes
- Vacuoles
- Chloroplasts
- Mitochondria
- Cytoskeleton
- Cell extensions
Endoplasmic Reticulum anatomy
-A winding phospholipid bilayer of canals, tubes, sacs, and flat membranes.
Physiology of Endoplasmic Reticulum
- Subdivides the cell (for multitasking)
- intercellular transport (molecules move through the canals)
Two basic types of ER
- Rough ER
- Smooth ER
Rough ER
- Contains Ribosomes
- Function in protein synthesis
Smooth ER
- no ribosomes
- synthesize certain lipids and carbohydrates
Transport vesicle
A pinched off portion of a phospholipid bilayer that is used to transport something through the cell.
Golgi Apparatus anatomy
- Consists of stacked cisternae (golgi bodies)
- Cisternae produce vesicles
Golgi Apparatus physiology
- Packages proteins (usually produced by the rough ER)
- Contents may then be secreted (secretory vesicle)
- Example: glands
What is the function of the Golgi Aparatus
Takes transport vesicles from the Rough ER and repackages them to transport them to the plasma membrane.
Lysosomes anatomy
- Made of microscopic membranous sacs
- “Pinched off” from Golgi Apparatus
- Contain digestive enzymes
Lys-
prefix meaning kill on contact
Lysosome physiology
- Digest defective/old/useless cell parts
- Digest entire cell if burst
- example: white blood cells
How does a Lysosome digest?
The Lysosome will engulf the food particles or the dying cell by combining or surrounding the cell with its phospholipid bilayer.
Vacuoles Anatomy
- Membranous sacs of varying size (very large in plants)
- “Pinched off” from the Golgi apparatus or ER or plasma membrane.
Vacuoles physiology
-Most are some kind of storage facility.
ex: contractile vacuoles in protists that collect water
central vacuole in plants that can contain food, waste, and poison.
Chloroplasts anatomy
- 3 compartment system enclosed by membranes
- Double phospholipid bilayer.
- inner and outer membranes
- contains:
- Stroma
- Grana
- Thylakoid
Stroma
-liquid inside the inner membrane of the Chloroplasts
Grana
Stacks of disk shaped membrane bodies found in chloroplasts made up of thylakoids
Thylakoids
Individual “Coins” that make up Granum
Chloroplast physiology
- Site of Photosynthesis
- Where plants convert sunlight and CO2 into food
Mitochondria Anatomy
Composed of a double membrane system
- Outer membrane - Inner membrane with Cristae - Matrix - Intermembrane Space
Cristae
folds of the inner membrane of a mitochondria
What part of the cell has it’s own DNA, produces it’s own enzymes and is self-replicating?
Mitochondria
Mitochondria physiology
- The “power plants” of cells
- produce ATP
- Main site of cellular respiration
Cytoskeleton Anatomy
- the cell’s internal supporting framework.
- made of rigid, rodlike proteins (intermediate filaments) and microtubules.
Cytoskeleton Physiology
- Gives the cell shape
- Allows for movement
- anchors organelles
- Provides “tracks” for the movement of molecules and organelles
Cell Extensions
- Cilia
- Flagella
- Microvilli
Cilia
- Short cell processes made of microtubules
- usually numerous on cells that have them
- external
- have coordinated movements
Flagella
- Long cell process made of microtubules
- Move with a tail-like movement that propels cell forward
Microvilli
The cell extensions are formed from proteins within the cell that change the form of the cell membrane
