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Biology 1 > Ch.4 Basic Cellular Anatomy And Physiology > Flashcards

Ch.4 Basic Cellular Anatomy And Physiology Flashcards

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1
Q

Microscope

A
  • One of the primary instruments of biology
  • First used to describe cells by Hooke in 1665
  • Light Microscope (1000X)
  • Electron microscope (100,000X)
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2
Q

Prokaryotes

A
  • smaller
  • simpler
  • Most do not have membrane-enclosed organelles
  • bacteria and archaea
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3
Q

Eukaryotes

A
  • Larger
  • More complex
  • Membrane-enclosed organelles
  • Protists, plants, fungi, animals
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4
Q

Plasma Membrane

A
  • Provides a barrier
  • Controls transport
  • Phospholipid bilayer
  • Cholesterol
  • Proteins
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5
Q

What is the primary structure of a cell membrane?

A

Double layer of phospholipid molecules:

  • phospholipid bilayer
  • heads are hydrophilic (“water loving”)
  • tails are hydrophobic (“water fearing”)
  • Arrange themselves in bilayer in water
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6
Q

Other components of plasma membrane?

A

Cholesterol-provides integrity to the phospholipid bilayer
Proteins:
-Structural
-perform many metabolic functions

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7
Q

Cytoplasm

A
  • Gel-like internal substance of cells

- Includes many organelles suspended in watery fluid called cytosol

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8
Q

Nucleus

A
  • Only Eukaryotes
  • Nuclear envelope- Double phospholipid bilayer
  • Nuclear pores- openings in the nuclear envelope
  • Chromatin- genetic material
  • Nucleolus- the “little nucleus”
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9
Q

Physiology of the Nucleus

A
  • Contains genetic information of the cell
  • Directs the cell’s protein synthesis
  • Controls the anatomy and physiology of the cell
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10
Q

Nuclear envelope

A

double phospholipid bilayer

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11
Q

Nuclear pores

A

Found in Nucleus

-Openings in the nuclear envelope

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12
Q

Chromatin

A

Found in Nucleus

-genetic material

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13
Q

Nucleolus

A

Found in Nucleus

-the “little nucleus”

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14
Q

Ribosomes anatomy

A
  • Non-membranous structures
  • Composed of RNA and protein
  • Some are attached to nuclear envelope and Rough-E.R.
  • Some are freely flouting in cytoplasm
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15
Q

Ribosomes physiology

A
  • site of protein synthesis

- reads mRNA and produces proteins

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16
Q

12 Parts of Cells

A
  • Plasma Membrane
  • Cytoplasm
  • Nucleus
  • Ribosomes
  • Endoplasmic Reticulum
  • Golgi Apparatus
  • Lysosomes
  • Vacuoles
  • Chloroplasts
  • Mitochondria
  • Cytoskeleton
  • Cell extensions
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17
Q

Endoplasmic Reticulum anatomy

A

-A winding phospholipid bilayer of canals, tubes, sacs, and flat membranes.

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18
Q

Physiology of Endoplasmic Reticulum

A
  • Subdivides the cell (for multitasking)

- intercellular transport (molecules move through the canals)

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19
Q

Two basic types of ER

A
  • Rough ER

- Smooth ER

20
Q

Rough ER

A
  • Contains Ribosomes

- Function in protein synthesis

21
Q

Smooth ER

A
  • no ribosomes

- synthesize certain lipids and carbohydrates

22
Q

Transport vesicle

A

A pinched off portion of a phospholipid bilayer that is used to transport something through the cell.

23
Q

Golgi Apparatus anatomy

A
  • Consists of stacked cisternae (golgi bodies)

- Cisternae produce vesicles

24
Q

Golgi Apparatus physiology

A
  • Packages proteins (usually produced by the rough ER)
  • Contents may then be secreted (secretory vesicle)
  • Example: glands
25
Q

What is the function of the Golgi Aparatus

A

Takes transport vesicles from the Rough ER and repackages them to transport them to the plasma membrane.

26
Q

Lysosomes anatomy

A
  • Made of microscopic membranous sacs
  • “Pinched off” from Golgi Apparatus
  • Contain digestive enzymes
27
Q

Lys-

A

prefix meaning kill on contact

28
Q

Lysosome physiology

A
  • Digest defective/old/useless cell parts
  • Digest entire cell if burst
    • example: white blood cells
29
Q

How does a Lysosome digest?

A

The Lysosome will engulf the food particles or the dying cell by combining or surrounding the cell with its phospholipid bilayer.

30
Q

Vacuoles Anatomy

A
  • Membranous sacs of varying size (very large in plants)

- “Pinched off” from the Golgi apparatus or ER or plasma membrane.

31
Q

Vacuoles physiology

A

-Most are some kind of storage facility.
ex: contractile vacuoles in protists that collect water
central vacuole in plants that can contain food, waste, and poison.

32
Q

Chloroplasts anatomy

A
  • 3 compartment system enclosed by membranes
  • Double phospholipid bilayer.
    • inner and outer membranes
  • contains:
    • Stroma
    • Grana
    • Thylakoid
33
Q

Stroma

A

-liquid inside the inner membrane of the Chloroplasts

34
Q

Grana

A

Stacks of disk shaped membrane bodies found in chloroplasts made up of thylakoids

35
Q

Thylakoids

A

Individual “Coins” that make up Granum

36
Q

Chloroplast physiology

A
  • Site of Photosynthesis

- Where plants convert sunlight and CO2 into food

37
Q

Mitochondria Anatomy

A

Composed of a double membrane system

- Outer membrane
- Inner membrane with Cristae
- Matrix
- Intermembrane Space
38
Q

Cristae

A

folds of the inner membrane of a mitochondria

39
Q

What part of the cell has it’s own DNA, produces it’s own enzymes and is self-replicating?

A

Mitochondria

40
Q

Mitochondria physiology

A
  • The “power plants” of cells
  • produce ATP
  • Main site of cellular respiration
41
Q

Cytoskeleton Anatomy

A
  • the cell’s internal supporting framework.

- made of rigid, rodlike proteins (intermediate filaments) and microtubules.

42
Q

Cytoskeleton Physiology

A
  • Gives the cell shape
  • Allows for movement
  • anchors organelles
  • Provides “tracks” for the movement of molecules and organelles
43
Q

Cell Extensions

A
  • Cilia
  • Flagella
  • Microvilli
44
Q

Cilia

A
  • Short cell processes made of microtubules
  • usually numerous on cells that have them
  • external
  • have coordinated movements
45
Q

Flagella

A
  • Long cell process made of microtubules

- Move with a tail-like movement that propels cell forward

46
Q

Microvilli

A

The cell extensions are formed from proteins within the cell that change the form of the cell membrane

Biology 1 (9 decks)

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