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Biology 1 > Test 4- The Evidence for Evolution > Flashcards

Test 4- The Evidence for Evolution Flashcards

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1
Q

Evolution

A

Populations of organisms change over time
or
Any change in allele frequency in a population over time

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2
Q

Theory of Evolution

A

Life on Earth has changed gradually over time beginning with one primitive gene pool and through the process of natural selection has diversified into many forms including all that can be observed today.

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3
Q

Theory of Evolution in 5 short sentences

A

Life on Earth has:

  1. Changed
  2. Gradually over time
  3. beginning with one primitive gene pool
  4. and through the process of natural selection
  5. has diversified into many forms including all that can be observed today.
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4
Q

5 basic principles of The Theory of Evolution

A
  1. Evolution
  2. Gradualism
  3. Common Ancestry
  4. Natural Selection
  5. Speciation
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5
Q

Fossil Record

A

Evidence for Evolution

  • Preserved evidence of past organisms in the strata of the Earth’s crust
  • shows a distinct pattern of temporal succession
  • Examples: bone, mineralized tissues, impressions
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6
Q

Where are fossils typically formed?

A 
Sedimentary rock
but also:
-volcanic ash
-amber
-etc.
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7
Q

Relative dating of fossils

A

The deeper you go the older it gets

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8
Q

Core Layer Dating

A
  • Dendrochronology
  • Ice Cores
  • Ocean Cores
  • Coral growth strata
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9
Q

Radiometric dating

A

Radiocarbon dating (5,730 year half-life)
Uranium-Thorium (80,000 year half-life)
Potassium-Argon (1.3 billion year half-life)

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10
Q

Ardipithecus

A

Ardipithecus (Early Human) before Australopithecus 4.4 MYO

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11
Q

Archaeopteryx

A

Archaeopteryx (reptile-bird hybrid) feathers, teeth/beak, bony tail

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12
Q

Glossopteris

A
  • Glossopteris (plant found along southern portion of Pangea)
  • shows that the continents of South America, Africa, Asia, and Australia were once connected
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13
Q

Tiktaalik

A

Tiktaalik (Fish-Amphibian hybrid) flat head, eyes on top, wrist
-shows transition between fish and amphibian

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14
Q

Basilosaurus

A

-Basilosaurus (Marine Mammal) Hind fins

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15
Q

Australopithecus

A

Australopithecus (Early Human) 3.2 MYO

-Walked upright as shown through its 4th metatarsal in the foot

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16
Q

Biogeography

A

Evidence for Evolution

-The Study of the distribution of organisms on the planet

17
Q

The way organisms are distributed consistently show what pattern?

A

a pattern of local adaptations and radiations to accessible areas (but not beyond)

ex. Australia and the distribution of marsupials
ex. Differences between oceanic and continental islands.
ex. Species rings (salamander in California thing)

18
Q

Continental Islands

A
  • Once connected to a continent but now separated
  • ex. Madagascar, Japan, Great Britain
  • Have full ecology containing all major groups comparable to the nearest continent
19
Q

Oceanic Islands

A
  • Formed from the seabed by volcanoes
  • Ex. Hawaii, Galapagos
  • Usually lack native freshwater fish, amphibians, reptiles, and mammals
  • Often show diverse radiations of one type of organism
  • ex. Darwin’s Finches
  • Flightless birds are common, as are coconut trees
20
Q

Comparative Anatomy

A

Evidence for Evolution

-The study and comparison of physical features

21
Q

Homologous structures

A

-Show variations on a theme because these structures are inherited from a common ancestor

22
Q

Comparative embryology

A

The similarities in many organisms in their embryonic stage

23
Q

Vestigial structures

A

Structures that used to serve a function in the body of the organism but have become benign due to evolution.

ex. Kiwi bird having no wings
ex. Hairy tailed mole having under-developed eyes

24
Q

Atavisms

A

DNA that is non-coding that occasionally gets turned on by mistake.

ex. Snake with atavistic leg
ex. dolphin with atavistic back fin

25
Q

Comparative Biochemistry

A

Evidence for Evolution

  • Genes (and thus proteins) are inherited and reflect a pattern of common ancestry
    ex. Universal Genes showing variations on a theme
    ex. Vestigial Genes
26
Q

Olfactory Genes

A

odor detecting genes
examples
-Jawless fish have a few non-specialized odor detecting genes
-Bony fish have more genes and are adapted to odor detection in water
-Reptiles have even more genes and are adapted to odor detection in air
-Mammals have >1000 odor in air detection genes

27
Q

Olfactory Genes and Vestigial Genes

A

examples

  • Mice have >1000 working olfactory genes and a very acute sense of smell
  • Humans have >1000 olfactory genes, but over half are vestigial (All primates show a trend: better color vision = more vestigial olfactory genes)
  • Dolphins have >1000 olfactory genes and over 80% are vestigial
28
Q

Genomic comparisons

A

Example of Comparative Biochemistry

Genetically species are similar to closely related species.

29
Q

Modern observations of evolution

A 
Evidence for Evolution
Examples:
-Antibiotic resistant bacteria
-DDT resistant mosquitoes
-Fish size in commercially fished species has become smaller
-Humans on the Tibetal Plateau
30
Q

Evidence for Evolution 5 examples

A
  1. Fossil Record
  2. Biogeography
  3. Comparative anatomy
  4. Comparative biochemistry
  5. Modern observations of evolution
31
Q

5 basic principles of the Theory of Evolution

A
  1. Evolution
  2. Gradualism
  3. Common Ancestry
  4. Natural Selection
  5. Speciation

Biology 1 (9 decks)

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