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Psy 4210 > test (ch 3 & 4) > Flashcards

test (ch 3 & 4) Flashcards

1
Q

learning

A

relatively permanent changes in environment behavior relations due to certain types of experience (environmental interactions)

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2
Q

two types of reflexes

A

inborn reflex – Unconditional reflexes

Learned reflexes – conditional reflexes

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3
Q

another name for respondent conditioning and/or classical conditioning

A

pavlovian conditioning

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4
Q

Pavlovian Conditioning procedure

A

US——-UR (unconditional reflex)

NS——-No UR (Neutral stimulus)

Training
NS—(pairing)—-US—-UR (conditioning)

Testing
CS———- CR (conditional reflex)

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5
Q

the pairing of NS with a well-established CS

A

Higher-Order

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6
Q

Explanation for classical condition

A

NS association to US

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7
Q

variables that affect pavlovian conditioning

A

methods of pairing the NS (CS) and US

CS-US contingency

CS-US (ISI) contiguity

stimulus features

prior experiences with CS and US

Number of CS-US Pairings

Intertrial Interval (ITI)

Other Variables

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8
Q

Variable (2) the Number of methods of Pairing the CS and US

A

four pairs:

trace conditioning

delayed conditioning

simultaneous conditioning

backward conditioning

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9
Q

CS presented before the US

A

trace conditioning

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10
Q

CS presented before and overlaps the US

A

delayed conditioning

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11
Q

CS and US are presented at the same time

A

simultaneous conditioning

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12
Q

US is presented before the CS

A

backward conditioning

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13
Q

when is US conditional (dependent) on a CS presentation

A

variable(2) CS-US Contingency

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14
Q

(CS-US Contingency) All Things Equal…

A

the greater the contingency, the stronger the conditioning

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15
Q

variable(3) CS-US (ISI) contiguity

A

interstimulus interval (ISI): time between CS presentation and US presentation

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16
Q

(CS-US Contiguity) All Things equal…

A

the shorter the ISI, the better conditioning

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17
Q

(CS-US Contiguity) All Things equal… (alternative)

A

the greater temporal contiguity the better/faster/greater conditioning

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18
Q

Exception to CS-US contiguity (ISI)

A

conditioned taste aversion

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19
Q

the CS consist of two or more stimuli

A

compound stimulus

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20
Q

two NS are presented without a US pairing, result no UR. The two NS are then paired with an US, result with a UR. The paired NS (CS) individual are then tested, but one CS becomes a CR and one fails to become a CR

A

overshadowing

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21
Q

overshadowing is dependent on…

A

species

CS intensity (magnitude)

US intensity (magnitude)

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22
Q

variable (4) Stimulus features

A

compound stimulus

overshadowing

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23
Q

variable (5) Prior Experience with CS and US

A

Latent Inhibition

blocking

sensory preconditioning

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24
Q

NS presented without US, followed by NS presented with US produces UR, but CR magnitude is less or failure of the CR to appear as a result of prior presentation of the CS in the absence of the US.

A

latent inhibition

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25
Q

latency is dependent on…

A

contingency

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26
Q

Failure of a NS to become a CS when it is part of a compound stimulus that includes an established CS.

A

blocking

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27
Q

how is blocking different from overshadowing

A

(blocking): 1 stimulus is already a CS, blocking a compounded NS with a US from being conditioned, vs. neither stimulus has been established as a prior CS, but one is becomes conditioned and the other is not (or is less so)

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28
Q

A procedure in which two neutral
stimuli are paired, after which one is repeatedly paired with
a US. If the other stimulus is then presented alone, it may
elicit a CR even though it was never paired with the US.

A

sensory preconditioning

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29
Q

variable (6) Number of CS-US Pairings

A

the number of CS US paring is a variable affecting pavlovian conditioning

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30
Q

the number of CS US pairing is____

A

a curvilinear relationship

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31
Q

Intertrial Interval (ITI)

A

the time period between two trials

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32
Q

(Intertrial Interval [ITI]) all things equal

A

the longer the ITI, the better conditioning

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33
Q

what depends on ITI

A

the length of ITI depends on relationships, species, intensity of the stimulus

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34
Q

Pavlovian (classical) extinction
procedure (or operation)

A

present CS alone without US.

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35
Q

Pavlovian extinction process (or result)

A

the CS is less likely to elicit the CR

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36
Q

deterioration in performance following a period with-out practice

A

forgetting

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37
Q

after a period of time passes with no training after a CS is established and extinguished, the CS will once again elicit the CR

A

spontaneous recovery

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38
Q

theories of classical conditioning

A

stimulus substitution theory

preparatory response theory

compensatory response theory

rescorla-wagner model

other theories

39
Q

(Pavlov) stimulus substitution theory

A

the CS substitutes for the US because the UR and the CR are the same

40
Q

the ways the CR is not identical to the UR

A

CR to the UR is:

weaker

less reliable

longer latency

& there are qualitative differences

the CR is somtimes opposite to the the UR

41
Q

How is CR is sometimes opposite of the UR

A

Tone paired with a shock, prepares the heart by decreasing heart rate in preparation for the shock, the opposite to the expected heart rate increase to due to Pavlovian conditioning

reduced sensitivity to pain to morphine, but increased sensitivity to pain with a CS paired with morphine.

42
Q

the CR prepares the organism for the US

A

Preparatory response theory

43
Q

variation of the preparatory response theory that proposes that the CR prepares the organism for the US by compensating for its effects.

A

compensatory response theory

44
Q

a_______explanation is the one that makes the fewest assumptions

A

parsimonious (the law of parsimony)

45
Q

all behavior is caused

behavior is lawful and orderly

A

determinism

46
Q

any energy change that affects sensory receptors, and behaviors

A

stimulus

47
Q

all stimuli that affect behavior at any given moment

A

environment

48
Q

deal with physical phenomena and understand how things in the physical world operate

A

natural science approach

49
Q

is an explanation in which the evidence for the explanation is the same as the behavior to be explained

A

circular explanation

50
Q

small, random, (in)heritable differences among individuals that rtesult in different chances of reproduction

A

natural selection

51
Q

the first person to study human emotions systematically

A

John Watson

52
Q

use of Pavlovian conditioning to reverse unwanted effects

A

counterconditioning

53
Q

A form of counterconditioning in which a patient imagines progressively anxiety evoking scenes while relaxed

A

Systematic desensitization

54
Q

person is gradually exposed to the fear-evoking stimulus while feeling relaxed

A

Exposure therapy

55
Q

A form of exposure therapy that relies on technology that creates simulated scenes that arouse anxiety.

A

Virtual reality exposure therapy

56
Q

perverse or unnatural ways someone receives sexual pleasure

A

Paraphilias

57
Q

a CS that elicits inappropriate sexual arousal is followed by a noxious US.

A

Aversion therapy

58
Q

An aversion to foods with a particular flavor acquired through Pavlovian conditioning

A

Conditioned taste aversion (aka conditioned food avoidance)

59
Q

A taste (NS) is paired with a US (e.g., poison) that makes the organism sick such that the taste becomes a CS for sickness (CR)

A

Taste-aversion experiments

60
Q

(1) the CS and US occur together (are paired) only once; (2) the interval between the CS and US (the ISI) is much longer

A

Two important ways taste aversion differs from typical Pavlovian conditioning procedure

61
Q

After a period of repeated drug use, more of the drug is required to produce a high, or, the same amount of drug produces less of an effect

A

Tolerance

62
Q

the opposite of the main drug effect

A

withdrawal

63
Q

drugs that produce physical dependence

A

opiates
alcohol
nicotine
caffeine
barbiturates
benzodiazepines
sleeping medication

64
Q

drug users respond in anticipation of drugs….

A

preparatory response

65
Q

the response of withdrawal symptoms is a…

A

compensatory response

66
Q

Drug Dependence (Siegel 2005)

A

US————–>UR
Drugs. comp. Rest

NS————->NO UR
drug cues

CS————–>CCR
drug cues Conditional CR

67
Q

together, the exteroceptive drug cues, and interoceptive cues can be defined as….

A

the situation specificity of tolerance and withdrawal

68
Q

self-administration cues elicit conditional compensatory responses (preparatory responses)

A

interoceptive drug cues

69
Q

treatments designed to extinguish the association between pre-drug cues and systemic effects of the drug

A

cue-exposure therapy

70
Q

treatment protocol should be more effective if it incorporates extinction of ______ cues and _____ cues as well as ____

A

drug-onset

self-administration

exteroceptive

71
Q

the CR____ prepared the user for the the ____ (Drug)

A

conditional compensatory response (CCR)

Unconditional Stimulus (US)

72
Q

Behavior is a function of its consequences

A

Law of Effect

73
Q

Any procedure or experience in which a behavior becomes stronger or weaker (e.g., more or less likely to occur), depending on its consequences

A

Operant conditioning (learning

74
Q
  1. a behavior must have a consequence
  2. the behavior must increase in strength
  3. the increase in Strength must be the result of the consequence
A

three characteristics to qualify as reinforcement

75
Q

three characteristics to qualify as reinforcement

A
  1. a behavior must have a consequence
  2. the behavior must increase in strength
  3. the increase in Strength must be the result of the consequence
76
Q

the consequence is added (or presented)

A

Positive reinforcement

77
Q

the consequence is subtracted (or withdrawn or removed)

A

Negative reinforcement (aka escape and avoidance learning)

78
Q

A term used to refer to the strength of a reinforced behavior.

A

Behavioral momentum

79
Q

reinforcers not dependent on learning experiences

A

Unconditioned (primary) reinforcement

80
Q

reinforcers dependent on learning experiences

A

Conditioned (secondary) reinforcement

81
Q

Reinforcers that have been paired with many different kinds of reinforcers.

A

Generalized conditioned reinforcement

82
Q

events that follow spontaneously from a behavior

A

Natural reinforcers

83
Q

events that are provided by someone for the purpose of modifying behavior.

A

Contrived reinforcers

84
Q

reinforcing events are the automatic consequence of an action (see natural reinforcers)

A

Automatic reinforcement

85
Q

the degree of correlation between a behavior and its consequence

A

Contingency

86
Q

the gap in time between a behavior and its reinforcing consequence

A

Temporal contiguity

87
Q

anything that changes the effectiveness of a con- sequence

A

Motivating operations –

88
Q

The reward center of the brain, in particular, an area in the septal region running from the middle of the brain to the frontal cortex where dopamine is the most important neurotransmitter

A

Reward pathway/dopamine

89
Q

three major theories of positive reinforcement

A

hull drive reduction theory

Premack’s relative value theory

Response deprivation theory

90
Q

hull drive reduction theory

Premack’s relative value theory

Response deprivation theory

A

three major theories of positive reinforcement

91
Q

Hull’s drive reduction theory

A

attributes a reinforcer’s effectiveness to the reduction of a drive.

92
Q

attributes a reinforcer’s effectiveness to the reduction of a drive.

A

Hull’s drive reduction theory

93
Q

considers reinforcers to be behaviors rather than stimuli and that attributes a reinforcer’s effectiveness to its probability relative to other behaviors.

A

Premack’s relative value theory

94
Q

High-probability behavior reinforces low-probability behavior.

A

Premack principle

Psy 4210 (12 decks)

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