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Psy 4210 > chapter 5 & 6 test > Flashcards

chapter 5 & 6 test Flashcards

1
Q

behavioral causation

A

ultimate causes: evolutionary history; learning history

proximate causes: close in time to behavior
current stimuli
CNS

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2
Q

learning history

A

pavlovian conditioning

operant conditioning

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3
Q

learning

A

realtively permanent changes in envrionment behavior relations due to certain types of experiences

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4
Q

Pavlovian (Classical) conditioning

A

conditioning of reflexes

two or stimuli are paired

NS association to US (UR)

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5
Q

Experiments by Thorndike

A

discrete trials

trial and error vs. trial and success

learnings only happens by trials and success

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6
Q

Any behavior that is followed by pleasant consequence is likely to be repeated and any behavior followed by unpleasant consequences is likely to be stopped

A

The Law of Effect

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7
Q

the law of effect

A

behavior is determined by its consequences

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8
Q

the capacity for learning by consequences is a function of our evolutionary history

A

fixed plasticity

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9
Q

free operant conditioning

A

B.F Skinner, used no trials (free to move around)

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10
Q

operant conditioning (two-term contingency)

A

response (R)—->(S) stimulus consequence

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11
Q

R—->S

A

operant conditioning (two-term contingency)

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12
Q

the 3 components of operant behavior

A

operates on the environment

changes the environment

and is changed as a result

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13
Q

operates on environment, changes the environment, and is changed as a result

A

operant behavior

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14
Q

operant behavior

A

operates on environment, changes the environment, and is changed as a result

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15
Q

operant conditioning

A

Kid behavior
S(d)———–R———-S(r+)

EO/S(d)——-R——– S(r-)

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16
Q

behavior is determined by its…

A

consequences

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17
Q

stimulus consequence follows a response and increases the probability of similar response under similar circumstances

A

reinforcement

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18
Q

reinforcement—followes a_____

A

response = one instance of behavior

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19
Q

reifnrcement ________ the probability

A

increases the probability (e.g. rate or frequency, duration, magnitude)

20
Q

reinforcement procedure

A

follows the response

21
Q

reinforcement process

A

increase probability

similar responses

under similar circumstance

22
Q

the reinforcer is added after the response (+)

A

positive reinforcement

23
Q

reinforcer is subtracted or remove after the response (-)

A

negative reinforcement

24
Q

3 characteristics to be called reinforcement

A

the behavior must a consequence

the behavior must increase the in strength

the consequence must be the reason it increases in strength

25
Q

negative reinforceme is called

A

escape learning

avoidance learning

26
Q

when the aversive stimulus is present and you do something to get rid of it

A

escape learning

27
Q

when the aversive stimulus is not present yet, and you do something to avoid

A

avoidance learning

28
Q

response dimensions that can be reinforced

A

response rate (# of responses over time)

response magnitude (or intensity)

Response duration (how long the response lasts)

response topography (form)

latency

reinforce randomness of response (responding differently each time)

29
Q

the actual consequence

in positive renforcement (what is added)

in negative reinforcement what is subtracted

A

reinforcer

30
Q

depends on pairing with one other (usually primary)

A

conditioned reinforcers

31
Q

depends on pairing with many other reinforcers

A

generalized conditioned reinforcers

32
Q

uncoditioned reinforcers

A

food

water

sexual arousal

sleep

warmth/ coolness

33
Q

three practicial advantages of conditioned (or generalized reinforcers)

A

satiation doesn’t occur

easier to reinforce immediately

less disruptive than primary reinforcers

34
Q

automatic reinforcers

A

events that naturally follow a response

are usually not deliberately mediated by other individuals

35
Q

variables that affect operant conditioning

A

contingency

temporal contiguity

reinforcer magnitude

response effort

motivating operations

36
Q

operant contingency

A

all the things equal, the greater the contingency between responses and their consequences, the quikcer tand stronger the conditioning

37
Q

all things equal, the greater the

A

operant contiguity

38
Q

alter the the effectiveness of a reinforcer

evoke behavior that has produced that reinforcer

A

establishing operation

39
Q

3 term contingency

A

EO—R—–S(R+)

EO—–R—-S(R-)

40
Q

Premack principle

A

high probability behavior reinforce low-probability behavior

41
Q

high probability behavior reinforce low-probability behavior

R1———————————————-r2
Low Prob. High Prob.

A

Premack principle

42
Q

when deprived from engaging in a behavior below the baseline level, engaging in it back to baseline becomes reinforcing relative to other behaviors

A

response-deprivation theory

43
Q

selection by consequences

A

behavior, likes species (genes) evolved

reinforcement is like natural selection

  1. (genetic or behavioral) variation
  2. (environmental) selection
  3. retention (genetic vs. neural)
44
Q

a procedure

the differential reinforcement of successive approximations towards a final or target behavior

natural vs. contrived_____

selection by reinforcing consequence

A

shaping

45
Q

novelty

A

common feature of creativity

46
Q

a behavior that occurs repeatedly even though it does not produce the reinforcers that maintain it

A

superstitious behavior

Psy 4210 (12 decks)

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