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Psy 4210 > chapter 12 > Flashcards

chapter 12 Flashcards

1
Q

period during which learning or practice of the behavior does not occur

A

retention interval

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2
Q

deterioration in performance of learned behavior following a retention interval

A

forgetting

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3
Q

the types of propose memories

A

declarative

non-declarative

state dependent learning

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4
Q

declarative memories are ________ _________

what are the two components of delcarative memories?

A

in words

semantics- knowledge of the world facts

episodic-memory of personally experience events

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5
Q

non-declarative memories are (3 words) _______ ___________ _________

whats is the component of declarative memories

A

procedural-memories of how to do something

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6
Q

the different ways to measure forgetting

A

free call

prompted (or cued) recall

relearning method

recognition

delayed matching to sample

extinction method

gradient degradation

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7
Q

presenting hints, or prompts to increase the likelihood that the behavior will be produced

A

prompted or (cued recall)

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8
Q

measures forgetting in terms of the amount of training required to reach the previous level of performance

A

relearning method

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9
Q

the participants has only to identify the material previously learned

A

recognition

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10
Q

when extinction proceeds more rapidly than it would have immediately after training we say that forgetting has occured

A

extinction method

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11
Q

the individual is given the opportunity to perform a previously learned behavior

A

free call

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12
Q

previous learning interferes with recall

A

proactive interference

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13
Q

pairs of words are learned and then the first word is given and the patiricpant must recall the second word, or vice versa

A

paired associates learning

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14
Q

more recent learning interferes with recall of previous learning

A

retroactive interference

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15
Q

stimuli present during learning that are not directly relevant to what is learned

A

Context

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16
Q

the absence of stimuli that were present during learning hurts remembering

A

Cue-dependent forgetting)

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17
Q

any device for aiding recall

A

Mnemonic

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18
Q

can improve performance by identifying cues that will be present during recall and then learn in the presence of those or similar cues.

A

context cue

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19
Q

a flattening of a generalization gradient

A

gradient degradation

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20
Q

the most important function of a family is ________ _________ to be __________ _______ and __________ citizens

A

rearing children

well behaved

productive

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21
Q

neglect

A

largely unresponsive environment

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22
Q

Reactive envornment

A

all stimuli that affect behavior at any given moment, (environment)

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23
Q

coercive family process

A

interaction between parents and children defined by negative reinforcement

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24
Q

child coercive behaviors such as whining, yelling, and hitting are aversive stimuli for the parent. Parents are likely to drop their demands and terminate their own coercive behavior directed at the child. this increases the child’s coercive behavior through negative reinforcement and may lead to a reinforcement trap

A

negative reinforcement for coercive child behavior

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25
Q

the naturally occurring negative reinforcement of both child and parent coercive behavior constitutes a ___________ _________. The participants trapped by ____________ ____________ will likely engage and__________ in these be behaviors towards each other in the future

A

reinforcement trap

negative reinforcement

escalate

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26
Q

original learning prior to the interference we call disability

–learning a whole system of behaviors

A

habilitation

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27
Q

learning to be disabled

–loss without learning, interference learning or learning different alternatives because of disability

A

dishabilitation

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28
Q

learning to be better able

–learning new skills

A

rehabilitation

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29
Q

clinic

A

SIB

conversion reaction

paralysis

delusions

dissociative identity disorder

irrational speech

walking (case study)

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30
Q

the conversion reaction case study

A

The problem- Astasia-abasia in a 45-year-old man
–inability to stand and walk

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31
Q

restricting movement of the normal limb and reinforcing use of the defective limb

A

constraint-induced movement therapy

32
Q

delusions

A

traditional – false beliefs

behavioral – verbal behavior

33
Q

Other dishabilitated behaviors maintained by reinforcement that have been rehabilitated.

A

paralysis from CVAs

chronic pain-related behaviors

verbal behavior

hysterical blindness

stuttering

tics

ADHD/ODD

learning disabilities (dyslexia)

34
Q

Operant conditoining in zoo/Non-human animals promote __________ ________ behavior. by taking into account___________ variables, such as exhibit space, _________ schedules, and potential__________ items. the components describing characteristics of the physical variables of: 1)________ ______& 2)________ _________. In addition to _____________ ________, such as the way animals are house with other animals.

A

species typical

physical variables

feeding

enrichment

environmental enrichment & exhibit space

social variables

35
Q

Programmed instruction

A

as first exemplified in Skinner’s teaching machines, (in which material to be taught is broken down into small units and presented sequentially with immediate reinforcement for each correct response before moving on to the next problem)

36
Q

Self-injurious behavior (SIB)

A

Behaviors exhibited by an individual which cause harm to that individual.

37
Q

delusions

A

traditional = false beliefs

behavioral = verbal behavior

38
Q

Goldiamond’s paradox

A

delusional behavior must occur in setting where it is not reinforced.

39
Q

the unaffected limb is constrained and movement of the affected (paralyzed) limb is reinforced.

A

Constraint-induced movement therapy

40
Q

Two ways operant procedures have been used to improve the quality of life for workers and the profitability of companies

A

improving productivity and reducing accidents

41
Q

How operant principles have been used in zoos

A

to provide veterinary care, and to improve the quality of life of captive animals

42
Q

Using behavioral principles, zoos have been able to move away from __________or ___________immobilization practices to conduct routine____________ care

A

chemical

physical

veterinary

43
Q

relatively permanent changes in environment behavior relationships due to observing a model

A

observational learning

44
Q

an increase in the strength of an observed behavior following reinforcement of that behavior in a model

A

vicarious reinforcement

45
Q

a decrease in the strength of an observed behavior following reinforcement of that behavior in a model

A

vicarious punishment

46
Q

social (aka active) and asocial

A

two types of observational learning

47
Q

an experimental procedure in which an event normally performed by a model appears to occur without a model

A

ghost conditions

48
Q

to behave in a manner resemling the behavior of a model

A

imitation (to imitate)

49
Q

the tendency to imitate modeled behavior even though the imitative behavior is not reinforced

A

generalized imitation

50
Q

the different variables influencing observational learning

A

difficulty of the task

skilled vs unskilled models

characteristics of the models

characteristics of the observer

consequences of observed acts

consequences of the observer’s behaviors

51
Q

two main theories of observational learning

A

bandura’s social cognitive theory

operant learning theory

52
Q

difficulty of the task

A

the higher the difficulty of a task, the less learning is likely to occur during observation

53
Q

skilled model vs unskilled model

A

skilled - model demonstrates proper performance of a task

unskilled or (AKA learning model) - is a novice observed learning to perform the task

54
Q

characteristics of a model

A

the higher the attractiveness of the mode or prestigious increases the likelihood of learning

55
Q

characteristics of the observers

A

learning is greatly dependent on the species that is doing the observing

56
Q

consequences of the observed acts

A

behaviors are more likely to be imitated in the presence of an Sd to a consequences.

57
Q

consequences of the observer’s behavior

A

given behavior produces one kind of consequence for a model and a very different kind of consequence for an observer, the latter consequences will eventually win out

58
Q

two main theories of observational learning

A

Bandura’s social cognitive theory

operant learning history

59
Q

His theory identifies four kinds of cognitive processes: attentional, retentional, motor- reproductive, and motivational.

A

Bandura’s social cognitive theory

60
Q

modeled behavior and consequences serve as cues that similar behavior will be reinforced or punished in the observer.

A

Operant learning theory

61
Q

another severe limitation of learning

A

noninheritability

62
Q

what is the severity of this consequence of noninheritability of learning

A

it places a serious limitation on the ability of a species to benefit from expeirence

63
Q

four ways the nervous system can be damages that affect learning

A

prenatal exposure to alcohol and other drugs

neurotoxins - substances (lead, pesticides, herbicides) that damage nerve tissues

head injury

malnutrition

64
Q

a period during animal’s life when it is especially likely to learn a particular kind of behavior

A

critical period

65
Q

the tendency of some animals, particularly birds, to follow the first moving object they see after birth, usually (but not necessarily) their mothers

A

imprinting

66
Q

the idea that organisms are genetically disposed to learn some things but not others

A

continumm of preparedness

67
Q

types of preparedness

A

prepared

unprepared

contraprepared

instinctive drift

68
Q

learning proceeds quickly

A

prepared

69
Q

learning proceeds steadily but more slowly

A

unprepared

70
Q

learning proceeds slowly and irregularly

A

contraprepared

71
Q

the tendency for behavior to drift toward a model action pattern

A

instinctive drift

72
Q

the innate tendency of a pigeon to peck an object associated with food even though pecking is not required for the food to appear

A

autoshaping (aka sign tracking)

73
Q

an individual directing their attention to the relavant aspects of the model’s behavior and its consequences.

A

attentional processes

74
Q

represnting the model’s behavior in some way, typically in words or images, to aid recall

A

retention processes

75
Q

process consist of using the symbolic representations stored during retentional processes to guide action

A

motor-reproductive

76
Q

evaluating the consequences of imitating model behavior, consequences are important because of their effects on (expectations) about the outcomes, it is the (expectation) that matters not the actual consequences.

A

motivational process

Psy 4210 (12 decks)

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