chapter 11 Flashcards
the tendency for learnings effects to spread means___________and sometimes it’s called__________
generalization
and/or - transfer
Behavior___________ , people don’t__________ their behavior
generalizes
generalize
the two types of generalizations
stimulus generalization
response generalization
(across situations)
one response occurs across different stimuli
stimulus generalization
(across behaviors)
one stimulus evokes different forms of a response
response generalization
the tendency for changes in (2words)____________ to________ to other behaviors, and this is the definition is for……..
one behavior
spread
response generalization
the tendency for changes in behavior (3words)________ to________ to other situations; or the tendency to respond to (3words)___________ during training, and this is the definitnion for……
in one situation
spread
stimuli not present
stimulus generalization
Generalization and discrimination are inversely related
the greater the one the less the other and vice versa
when data on stimulus generalization are plotted on a graph a peaked gradient reflects more____________, and a flatter gradient reflects more__________, and this is the definition for…..?
discrimination
generalization
generalization gradient
generalization may also occur to behavior that is___________ or ______________
extinguished
punished
the tendency for behavior to occur in certain situations but not in others.
stimulus discrimination
any procedure for establishing stimulus discrimination
discrimination training
the stimulus that indicates that a behavior will have reinforcing consequences
Discriminative stimulus (SD or S+)
indicates that the behavior will not have reinforcing consequences
S-delta ( S∆ or S-)
three operant discrimination training procedures:
Successive discrimination training
Simultaneous discrimination training
Matching-to-sample
S+ and S- are presented sequentially
Successive discrimination training
S+ and S- are presented at the same time
Simultaneous discrimination training
conditional discrimination in which a selecting a comparison stimulus (S+) which (4words)_____________is reinforced, its the definition for……
matches the sample stimulus
(MTS) mathing-to-sample
A form of operant discrimination training in which the S∆ is introduced in very weak form and gradually strengthened
Errorless discrimination training
discrimination training proceeds more rapidly when different behaviors produce different reinforcers.
(DOE) Differential outcome effect
he tendency for a behavior to occur (or occur more) in the presence of an SD but not in the presence of an SΔ.
Stimulus control
Any class of stimuli in which the members share one or more defining features.
Concept
what does it mean to understand concept…..
generalization within classes and discrimination between classes
discrimination training proceeds more rapidly when different behaviors produce different reinforcers
(DOE) differential outcome effect
the three theories of generalization and discrimination
Pavlov’s theory -
Spence’s theory
Lashley-Wade Theory
Lashely- Wade Theory
argued that generalization gradients depend on prior experience with stimuli similar to those used in testing
_________ what theory:
put Pavlov’s Physiology aside but kept the notions of_______ and________
Spence’s theory
excitation
inhibition
discrimination training produces physiological changes in the brain.
Pavlov’s theory
The tendency following discrimination training for the peak of responding in a generalization gradient to shift away from the (CS−) S-.
Peak shift
a generalization gradient showing an increased tendency to respond to the SD or CS+ and stimuli resembling them.
excitatory gradient
discrimination, a gradient showing a decreased tendency to respond to the SΔ or CS− and stimuli resembling them.
Inhibitory gradient
S(d) S+- (evokes)
MO/EO———–R ——– S(R+)
four- term contingency
the greater the______________ of a situation to the training________, the more_________ the behavior is too____________
similarity
situation
likely
generalize
what word describes the relationship between generalization and discrimination
Inverse:
its an inverse relationship–as one increases the other decreases–the more generalization, the less the discrimination and vice versa
The different gradient(s)
flat: no discrimination/ high generalization
Broad: some discrimination/ some generalization
High/peaked: high discrimination/ low generalization
(1956)
S+————-R————-S(R+)
550nm. peck. food.
Gutman and Kalish (1956)
Non-differential training
NS+————–US / CS+————-CR
1000hz. food / 1000hz. salivation
NS(-)————US / NS(-)—————-CR
500hz. no food. 500hz. no salivation
Pavlovian Discrimination training
S+(D)————–R—————-S(R+)
light on. lever press. food
S-(delta)————–R————-S(ext)
light off. lever press. no food.
and end result….
differential training: presence-absence
generalization of extinction
discrimination training has produced (2words) __________
discriminated behavior
differential training is another word for___________
discrimination training.
non-differential training its not what________ but why?
S+————-R————-S(R+)
its not discrimination training
because there is no S(-); s-delta
who does the discrimination “to discriminate”
the researcher, teacher, parents, etc., does the separating.
The tendency to respond to any given stimulus is the result of interaction with the increased and decreased tendencies to respond.
Kenneth Spence (theory) proposed
