chapter 11

Question 1

the tendency for learnings effects to spread means___________and sometimes it’s called__________

Answer 1

generalization

and/or - transfer

Question 2

Behavior___________ , people don’t__________ their behavior

Answer 2

generalizes

generalize

Question 3

the two types of generalizations

Answer 3

stimulus generalization

response generalization

Question 4

(across situations)

one response occurs across different stimuli

Answer 4

stimulus generalization

Question 5

(across behaviors)

one stimulus evokes different forms of a response

Answer 5

response generalization

Question 6

the tendency for changes in (2words)____________ to________ to other behaviors, and this is the definition is for……..

Answer 6

one behavior

spread

response generalization

Question 7

the tendency for changes in behavior (3words)________ to________ to other situations; or the tendency to respond to (3words)___________ during training, and this is the definitnion for……

Answer 7

in one situation

spread

stimuli not present

stimulus generalization

Question 8

Generalization and discrimination are inversely related

Answer 8

the greater the one the less the other and vice versa

Question 9

when data on stimulus generalization are plotted on a graph a peaked gradient reflects more____________, and a flatter gradient reflects more__________, and this is the definition for…..?

Answer 9

discrimination

generalization

generalization gradient

Question 10

generalization may also occur to behavior that is___________ or ______________

Answer 10

extinguished

punished

Question 11

the tendency for behavior to occur in certain situations but not in others.

Answer 11

stimulus discrimination

Question 12

any procedure for establishing stimulus discrimination

Answer 12

discrimination training

Question 13

the stimulus that indicates that a behavior will have reinforcing consequences

Answer 13

Discriminative stimulus (SD or S+)

Question 14

indicates that the behavior will not have reinforcing consequences

Answer 14

S-delta ( S∆ or S-)

Question 15

three operant discrimination training procedures:

Answer 15

Successive discrimination training

Simultaneous discrimination training

Matching-to-sample

Question 16

S+ and S- are presented sequentially

Answer 16

Successive discrimination training

Question 17

S+ and S- are presented at the same time

Answer 17

Simultaneous discrimination training

Question 18

conditional discrimination in which a selecting a comparison stimulus (S+) which (4words)_____________is reinforced, its the definition for……

Answer 18

matches the sample stimulus

(MTS) mathing-to-sample

Question 18

A form of operant discrimination training in which the S∆ is introduced in very weak form and gradually strengthened

Answer 18

Errorless discrimination training

Question 19

discrimination training proceeds more rapidly when different behaviors produce different reinforcers.

Answer 19

(DOE) Differential outcome effect

Question 20

he tendency for a behavior to occur (or occur more) in the presence of an SD but not in the presence of an SΔ.

Answer 20

Stimulus control

Question 21

Any class of stimuli in which the members share one or more defining features.

Answer 21

Concept

Question 22

what does it mean to understand concept…..

Answer 22

generalization within classes and discrimination between classes

Question 23

discrimination training proceeds more rapidly when different behaviors produce different reinforcers

Answer 23

(DOE) differential outcome effect

Question 24

the three theories of generalization and discrimination

Answer 24

Pavlov’s theory -

Spence’s theory

Lashley-Wade Theory

Question 25

Lashely- Wade Theory

Answer 25

argued that generalization gradients depend on prior experience with stimuli similar to those used in testing

Question 26

_________ what theory:

put Pavlov’s Physiology aside but kept the notions of_______ and________

Answer 26

Spence’s theory

excitation

inhibition

Question 27

discrimination training produces physiological changes in the brain.

Answer 27

Pavlov’s theory

Question 28

The tendency following discrimination training for the peak of responding in a generalization gradient to shift away from the (CS−) S-.

Answer 28

Peak shift

Question 29

a generalization gradient showing an increased tendency to respond to the SD or CS+ and stimuli resembling them.

Answer 29

excitatory gradient

Question 30

discrimination, a gradient showing a decreased tendency to respond to the SΔ or CS− and stimuli resembling them.

Answer 30

Inhibitory gradient

Question 31

S(d) S+- (evokes)

MO/EO———–R ——– S(R+)

Answer 31

four- term contingency

Question 32

the greater the______________ of a situation to the training________, the more_________ the behavior is too____________

Answer 32

similarity

situation

likely

generalize

Question 33

what word describes the relationship between generalization and discrimination

Answer 33

Inverse:

its an inverse relationship–as one increases the other decreases–the more generalization, the less the discrimination and vice versa

Question 34

The different gradient(s)

Answer 34

flat: no discrimination/ high generalization

Broad: some discrimination/ some generalization

High/peaked: high discrimination/ low generalization

Question 35

(1956)

S+————-R————-S(R+)
550nm. peck. food.

Answer 35

Gutman and Kalish (1956)
Non-differential training

Question 36

NS+————–US / CS+————-CR
1000hz. food / 1000hz. salivation

NS(-)————US / NS(-)—————-CR
500hz. no food. 500hz. no salivation

Answer 36

Pavlovian Discrimination training

Question 37

S+(D)————–R—————-S(R+)
light on. lever press. food

S-(delta)————–R————-S(ext)
light off. lever press. no food.

and end result….

Answer 37

differential training: presence-absence

generalization of extinction

Question 38

discrimination training has produced (2words) __________

Answer 38

discriminated behavior

Question 39

differential training is another word for___________

Answer 39

discrimination training.

Question 40

non-differential training its not what________ but why?

S+————-R————-S(R+)

Answer 40

its not discrimination training

because there is no S(-); s-delta

Question 41

who does the discrimination “to discriminate”

Answer 41

the researcher, teacher, parents, etc., does the separating.

Question 42

The tendency to respond to any given stimulus is the result of interaction with the increased and decreased tendencies to respond.

Answer 42

Kenneth Spence (theory) proposed