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Psy 4210 > final test > Flashcards

final test Flashcards

1
Q

the most important function of a family is _________ + ________ to be _________ +________ , productive citizens

A

rearing children

well behaved

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2
Q

neglect

A

a largely unresponsive environment

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3
Q

reactive environment

A

environment-all stimuli that affect behavior at any given moment

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4
Q

coercive family process

A

interaction between parents and children defined by negative reinforcement

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5
Q

the naturally occuring negative___________ of both child and parent coercive __________ constitutes a _________ +_________. The participants trapped by _________ +_____ will likely engage and __________ in these behaviors towards each other in the future.

A

reinforcement

behavior

reinforcement trap

negative reinforcement

escalate

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6
Q

learning prior to interference we call disability

A

habilitation

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7
Q

learning to be disabled

A

dishabilitation

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8
Q

learning to be better able

A

rehabilitation

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9
Q

operant application in clinics

A

SIB

conversion reaction

paralysis

delusions

dissociative identity disorder

irrational speech

walking

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10
Q

constraint movement of the normal limb and reinforcing use of the defective limb

A

constraint induced movement therapy

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11
Q

delusions

A

traditional - false beliefs

behavioral - verbal behavior

treatments- medication; applied behavior analysis

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12
Q

other dishabilitated behaviors maintened by reinforcement that have been rehabilitated

A

paralysis from CVA’s

Chronic pain-related behaviors

verbal behavior, hoarding in psychotic patients

hysterical blindness

stuttering

tics

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13
Q

operan learnign application in zoo/ Non-human animals.

Promotes ______+_______ behavior
_______+________ such as exhibit space, feeding schedules, and potential enrichment items

_______+_______ suchs as the way zoo animals are house with other animals

using behavior principles, zoos have been able to move away from ________ or ________ immobilization practices to conduct the routine_______ care.

ultimately improving….

A

species typical

physical variables

social variables

chemical / physical

veterinary

the quality of life for captive animals

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14
Q

__________ instructions as first exemplified in Skinners _______+______. In which material to be taught is _______+______ into smaller units and presented__________ with _______+_______ for each correct response before moving on to the next problem

A

programmed

teaching machines

presented sequentially

immediate reinforcement

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14
Q

SIB (self-injurious behavior)

A

behaviors exhibited by an individual which cause harm to that individual

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15
Q

goldiamond’s paradox

A

delusional behavior must occur in setting where it is not reinforced

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16
Q

improving productivity and reducing accidents

A

The two ways operant procedures have been used to improve the quality of life for workers and the profitability of companies

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17
Q

how operan principles have been used in zoos

A

to provide veterinary care, and to improve the quality of life of captive animals

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18
Q

an increase in the strength of an observed behavior following reinforcement of that behavior in a model

A

vicarious reinforcement

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19
Q

a decrease in the stength of an observed behavior following reinforcement of that behavior in a model

A

vicarious punishment

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20
Q

Two types of observational learning

A

social (active)

asocial

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21
Q

an experimental procedure in which an event normally performed by a model appears to occur without a model

A

ghost conditions

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22
Q

to behave in a manner resemling the behavior of a model

A

imitation (to imitate)

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23
Q

skilled model

A

the model demonstrates the proper performance of a task

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24
Q

unskilled (learning model)

A

the model is a novice and he or she is observed learning to perform the task

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25
Q

the variables that influence observational learning

A

difficulties of the task

skilled vs unskilled model

characteristics of the model

characteristics of the observer

consequences of observed acts

consequences of the observers behavior

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26
Q

two main theories of observational learning

A

bandura’s social cognitive theory

operan learning theory

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27
Q

retention interval

A

period during which learning or practice of the behavior does not occur

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28
Q

deterioration in performance of learned behavior following a retention interval

A

forgetting

29
Q

declerative memories

A

expressed in words

semantic - knowledge of the world’s facts

episodic - memory of personally experience events

30
Q

non-declarative

A

not in expressed in words.

procedural - memories of how to do something

31
Q

performance of learned behavior varies with the physiological state during learning and during retention

A

state-dependent learning

32
Q

the individuals is given the opportunity to perform a previously learned behavior

A

free call

33
Q

presenting hints or prompts to increase the likelihood that the behavior will be produced

A

prompted or cued recall

34
Q

measures forgetting in terms of the amount of training required to reach the previous level of performance

A

relearning method ( saving method)

35
Q

the participant has only to identify the material previously learned

A

recognition

36
Q

delayed matching to sample

A

DMTS

37
Q

when extinction proceeds more rapidly than it would have immediately after training, we say that forgetting has occurred

A

extinction method

38
Q

a flattening of a generalization gradient

A

gradient degradation

39
Q

previous learning interferes with recall

A

proactive interference

40
Q

pairs of words are learned, and then the first word is given, and the participants must recall the second word, or vice versa

A

paired associates learning

41
Q

more recent learning intereferes with recall of previous learning

A

retroactive interference

42
Q

stimuli present during learning that are not directly relevant to what is learned

A

context

43
Q

The absence of stimuli that were present during learning hurts remembering

A

cue dependent forgetting

44
Q

any device for aiding recall

A

mnemonic

45
Q

can improve performance by identifying cues that will be present during recall and then learn in the presence of those or similar cues

A

context cues

46
Q

forgetting… all things equal

A

the longer the retention interval, the more the forgetting

47
Q

forgetting is not only a change in the probability of responding but the ______+_______+______

A

forgetting of extinction

48
Q

rule to know about prompted or cued recall….

A

All remembering is prompted or cued… or under specific stimulus Sd control

49
Q

forgetting is caused by the passsage of time

A

decay theory

50
Q

a severe limitation of learning

A

noninheritability of learning

51
Q

whats the obvious limitation of non-inheritable learning

A

it places a serious limitation on the ability of a species to benefit from experience

52
Q

four ways the nervous system can be damaged that affect learning

A

prenatal exposure to alcohol and other drugs

neurotoxins - lead, pesticides, herbicides

head injury

malnutrition

53
Q

a period of an animal’s life when it is especially likely to learn a particular kind of behavior

A

critical period

54
Q

the tendency of some animals, particular birds, to follow the first moving object they see after birth, usually but not necessarily their mother

A

imprinting

55
Q

the idea that organisms are genetically disposed to learn some things but not others

A

continuum of preparedness

56
Q

learning proceeds quickly

A

prepared

57
Q

learning proceeds steadily but more slowly

A

unprepared

58
Q

learning proceeds slowly and irregularly

A

contraprepared

59
Q

the tendency for behavior to drift towards a modal action pattern

A

instinctive drift

60
Q

the innate tendency of a pigeon to peck an object associated with food even though pecking is not required for the food to appear

A

autoshaping (sign tracking)

61
Q

observational learning…

A

relatively permanent changes in envrionment-behavior relationships due to observing a model

62
Q

generalized imitation
–generalized trying

A

the tendency to imitate modeled behavior even though the imitative behavior is not reinforced

63
Q

the SD and R product must have formal similarity

A

imitation

64
Q

to talk about something not real as it is

A

reification

65
Q

heredity for learning

A

that is, the capacity to learn is inherited.

that is, it is an evovled trait (evolved modifiability or fixed plasticity).

66
Q

a rapid learning process by which a newborn or very young animal establishes a behavior pattern of recognition and attraction towards other animals of its own kind, as well as to specific individuals of its psecies such as or to a substitute for these

A

imprinting

67
Q

hatched or born in an advance state and able to feed itself and more independently almost immediately. often constrasted with altirical

A

prococial animals

68
Q

hatched or born helpless and requiring significant parental care

A

altricial animals

69
Q

a tendency to copy mode’s behavior is called _______+_______ and we learn such a tendency because it has been _______ in the past

A

generalization imitation

reinforced

70
Q

the three characteristics of model that contribute to observational learning are models who are ________+________+______

A

attractive, likable, prestigious

71
Q

three characteristics of observers that contribute to observational learning are the species of the obsever, and the______ and _______

A

gender

age

Psy 4210 (12 decks)

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