final test Flashcards
the most important function of a family is _________ + ________ to be _________ +________ , productive citizens
rearing children
well behaved
neglect
a largely unresponsive environment
reactive environment
environment-all stimuli that affect behavior at any given moment
coercive family process
interaction between parents and children defined by negative reinforcement
the naturally occuring negative___________ of both child and parent coercive __________ constitutes a _________ +_________. The participants trapped by _________ +_____ will likely engage and __________ in these behaviors towards each other in the future.
reinforcement
behavior
reinforcement trap
negative reinforcement
escalate
learning prior to interference we call disability
habilitation
learning to be disabled
dishabilitation
learning to be better able
rehabilitation
operant application in clinics
SIB
conversion reaction
paralysis
delusions
dissociative identity disorder
irrational speech
walking
constraint movement of the normal limb and reinforcing use of the defective limb
constraint induced movement therapy
delusions
traditional - false beliefs
behavioral - verbal behavior
treatments- medication; applied behavior analysis
other dishabilitated behaviors maintened by reinforcement that have been rehabilitated
paralysis from CVA’s
Chronic pain-related behaviors
verbal behavior, hoarding in psychotic patients
hysterical blindness
stuttering
tics
operan learnign application in zoo/ Non-human animals.
Promotes ______+_______ behavior
_______+________ such as exhibit space, feeding schedules, and potential enrichment items
_______+_______ suchs as the way zoo animals are house with other animals
using behavior principles, zoos have been able to move away from ________ or ________ immobilization practices to conduct the routine_______ care.
ultimately improving….
species typical
physical variables
social variables
chemical / physical
veterinary
the quality of life for captive animals
__________ instructions as first exemplified in Skinners _______+______. In which material to be taught is _______+______ into smaller units and presented__________ with _______+_______ for each correct response before moving on to the next problem
programmed
teaching machines
presented sequentially
immediate reinforcement
SIB (self-injurious behavior)
behaviors exhibited by an individual which cause harm to that individual
goldiamond’s paradox
delusional behavior must occur in setting where it is not reinforced
improving productivity and reducing accidents
The two ways operant procedures have been used to improve the quality of life for workers and the profitability of companies
how operan principles have been used in zoos
to provide veterinary care, and to improve the quality of life of captive animals
an increase in the strength of an observed behavior following reinforcement of that behavior in a model
vicarious reinforcement
a decrease in the stength of an observed behavior following reinforcement of that behavior in a model
vicarious punishment
Two types of observational learning
social (active)
asocial
an experimental procedure in which an event normally performed by a model appears to occur without a model
ghost conditions
to behave in a manner resemling the behavior of a model
imitation (to imitate)
skilled model
the model demonstrates the proper performance of a task
unskilled (learning model)
the model is a novice and he or she is observed learning to perform the task
the variables that influence observational learning
difficulties of the task
skilled vs unskilled model
characteristics of the model
characteristics of the observer
consequences of observed acts
consequences of the observers behavior
two main theories of observational learning
bandura’s social cognitive theory
operan learning theory
retention interval
period during which learning or practice of the behavior does not occur
deterioration in performance of learned behavior following a retention interval
forgetting
declerative memories
expressed in words
semantic - knowledge of the world’s facts
episodic - memory of personally experience events
non-declarative
not in expressed in words.
procedural - memories of how to do something
performance of learned behavior varies with the physiological state during learning and during retention
state-dependent learning
the individuals is given the opportunity to perform a previously learned behavior
free call
presenting hints or prompts to increase the likelihood that the behavior will be produced
prompted or cued recall
measures forgetting in terms of the amount of training required to reach the previous level of performance
relearning method ( saving method)
the participant has only to identify the material previously learned
recognition
delayed matching to sample
DMTS
when extinction proceeds more rapidly than it would have immediately after training, we say that forgetting has occurred
extinction method
a flattening of a generalization gradient
gradient degradation
previous learning interferes with recall
proactive interference
pairs of words are learned, and then the first word is given, and the participants must recall the second word, or vice versa
paired associates learning
more recent learning intereferes with recall of previous learning
retroactive interference
stimuli present during learning that are not directly relevant to what is learned
context
The absence of stimuli that were present during learning hurts remembering
cue dependent forgetting
any device for aiding recall
mnemonic
can improve performance by identifying cues that will be present during recall and then learn in the presence of those or similar cues
context cues
forgetting… all things equal
the longer the retention interval, the more the forgetting
forgetting is not only a change in the probability of responding but the ______+_______+______
forgetting of extinction
rule to know about prompted or cued recall….
All remembering is prompted or cued… or under specific stimulus Sd control
forgetting is caused by the passsage of time
decay theory
a severe limitation of learning
noninheritability of learning
whats the obvious limitation of non-inheritable learning
it places a serious limitation on the ability of a species to benefit from experience
four ways the nervous system can be damaged that affect learning
prenatal exposure to alcohol and other drugs
neurotoxins - lead, pesticides, herbicides
head injury
malnutrition
a period of an animal’s life when it is especially likely to learn a particular kind of behavior
critical period
the tendency of some animals, particular birds, to follow the first moving object they see after birth, usually but not necessarily their mother
imprinting
the idea that organisms are genetically disposed to learn some things but not others
continuum of preparedness
learning proceeds quickly
prepared
learning proceeds steadily but more slowly
unprepared
learning proceeds slowly and irregularly
contraprepared
the tendency for behavior to drift towards a modal action pattern
instinctive drift
the innate tendency of a pigeon to peck an object associated with food even though pecking is not required for the food to appear
autoshaping (sign tracking)
observational learning…
relatively permanent changes in envrionment-behavior relationships due to observing a model
generalized imitation
–generalized trying
the tendency to imitate modeled behavior even though the imitative behavior is not reinforced
the SD and R product must have formal similarity
imitation
to talk about something not real as it is
reification
heredity for learning
that is, the capacity to learn is inherited.
that is, it is an evovled trait (evolved modifiability or fixed plasticity).
a rapid learning process by which a newborn or very young animal establishes a behavior pattern of recognition and attraction towards other animals of its own kind, as well as to specific individuals of its psecies such as or to a substitute for these
imprinting
hatched or born in an advance state and able to feed itself and more independently almost immediately. often constrasted with altirical
prococial animals
hatched or born helpless and requiring significant parental care
altricial animals
a tendency to copy mode’s behavior is called _______+_______ and we learn such a tendency because it has been _______ in the past
generalization imitation
reinforced
the three characteristics of model that contribute to observational learning are models who are ________+________+______
attractive, likable, prestigious
three characteristics of observers that contribute to observational learning are the species of the obsever, and the______ and _______
gender
age
