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Surgical Tech 150 > Test 8 Electricity In Surgery > Flashcards

Test 8 Electricity In Surgery Flashcards

1
Q

What is matter?

A

Anything that has mass and occupies space
Made of atoms
Nucleus: protons -positive charge
Neutrons- neutral
Electrons- negative (smaller)

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2
Q

What is electron theory?

A

Behavior of electrons
Electrons move from shell to shell

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3
Q

What are the Basic laws of electricity?

A

Opposite charges attract
Like charges repel
Energy never lost or destroyed
Energy goes from negative to positive

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4
Q

How do we control temp in OR room?

A

Temperature= 68-73 F
Humidity= 20-60%

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5
Q

What is conductivity?

A

The ability of a material to release free electrons

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6
Q

What do insulators do?

A

Inhibit flow of electrons
Poor conductors
Cover and provide a path for current
Rubber, plastic, wood

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7
Q

What are conductors?

A

Materials that allow the flow of free electrons
Surgical lamps, ESU, power drills contain copper wire
Good- copper, silver, gold, blood
Bad- paper, air, glass

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8
Q

What is electrical charge?

A

To many or to few electrons on an atom
Like charges repel
Unlike charges attract

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9
Q

What is a magnetism field?

A

Found in atoms orbit the nucleus
Travel in opposite directions- neutral effect
Travel in same direction- fields are combined
But not electricity
Iron, nickel, and cobalt are naturally occurring magnetic substances

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10
Q

What are electromagnetics?

A

Metals that become magnetic when a conductor is wrapped around them
Can create electricity

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11
Q

Volt

A

Electrical potential

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12
Q

Voltage

A

Potential energy of electron between two points
Battery or generator measured in Amps

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13
Q

Amp

A

Unit of electric current

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14
Q

Circuit

A

Electricity flows from energy source to device to energy source
Open circuit- light off
Closed circuit- lights on

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15
Q

Power

A

The rate at which work is done
Measured in watts to kilowatts

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16
Q

Load

A

The device that uses the electricity to perform a function
Surgical lamps, ESU, power drills, robots, monitors

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17
Q

Switch

A

The device used to open or close a circuit and controls the flow of electricity

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18
Q

Resistance

A

Restricting the flow of current

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19
Q

What are the 3 types of current?

A

Current- measured in AMPS
Direct current- flows one direction
Alternating current- both directions

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20
Q

What are 4 ways to protect yourself?

A

Insulators
Current biomedical stickers
Ground plug
Protect yourself

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21
Q

What is the purpose of electrosurgery??

A

High frequency current
Vaporizes & dries cells
Incise & desiccate tissue
Coagulate small blood vessels
Almost every surgical procedure

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22
Q

What is electrical current pathway?

A

Heat generated by passage of electrical current through two electrodes.

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23
Q

What is an ESU machine?

A

“Bovie”
Reads amount of current returning to ESU
Unit will shut off if different current return

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24
Q

What are pathways of electricity?

A

Electrosurgical unit
Active electrode
Patient tissue
Inactive electrode
Electrosurgical unit

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25
What are active electrodes?
Sends out current Incorporated into tissue forceps May be hand or foot controlled
26
What is an inactive electrode?
Monopolar pad Completes ESU circuit through the patient Can cause patient harm Gel portion of pad is conductive
27
What is the path for a monopolar circuit?
Passes through the body back to electrode monitor
28
What is the path for a bipolar circuit?
ESU to the electrode Through the patients tissue to the other electrode then back to the ESU
29
What are the 3 ESU modes?
Cutting current- incises tissue Coagulating current- sears vessels to control bleeding Fulguration- aka spray coagulation
30
What are the types of ESU tips?
Ball Blade-spatula and needle Coated teflon Extended
31
What is a cryothermy handpiece
Cold Freeze Kidney tumor
32
What is an argon beam coagulator handpiece?
Argon has created superficial thermal effect Hemostasis Tissue devitalization Tissue reduction (cut out)
33
What is a radio frequency ablation handpiece?
Heat destroys tissue Radio waves For uterus
34
What are 2 other hand pieces?
Vessel sealing Harmonic scalpel- ultrasonic moves fast
35
What are hazards to the surgical team?
RF capacitive coupling Dielectric breakdown Use surgical gloves
36
What are hazards to the patient?
Direct coupling- 2 metals touch Insulation failure Capacitive coupling- inadvertent capacitator Burns
37
What are the Safety precautions when placing ESU pad?
Set unit at lowest All connections secure Dry area No spots or bubbles Place on fleshy area Not on bony prominence Avoid scars Shave hairy areas Never cut a pad
38
What are some of the fire safety precautions?
Alcohol based prep- dry Place in holder Tent the drapes Watch oxygen use Aware of MVA patients w/ gas
39
What is the proper disposal of ESU?
Tips go in sharps container Malfunctioning equipment- sticker with patient info
40
What is a laser?
Light caused by excitation of gases, solids, liquids, and semiconductor crystals (media)
41
What is a gas active media?
Energized by electricity to produce light
42
What are solid active mediums?
Energized by a flash lamp Has the most power output
43
What are liquid active mediums?
Organic dye energized by laser beam to produce laser light in various wavelengths
44
What are semiconductor crystal active mediums?
Energy delivered directly to the tissue through a filter or slit-lamp microscope
45
What are benefits to using lasers in surgery?
No electricity Precise cutting Nerve endings are sealed Blood vessels are sealed Minimal scarring Minimal thermal damage
46
What is the electromagnetic spectrum?
Travels at different wavelengths Range from 400-700 nanometers
47
What are wavelengths?
Distance between 2 crests Longer wave lengths carry less energy Wavelengths determine color beams Vary on application
48
What is a monochromatic laser light?
The photons (tiny particles that compose light) are all the same color/wavelength
49
What does collimated mean?
Waves are parallel Do not spread as they travel Allow pinpoint precision
50
What is coherent?
Waves are traveling same direction and in phase with each other Peaks and valleys are in line- increased power
51
What is fluence?
Precision and power of the laser beam Spot size Watts and joules Exposure time (more time = more tissue damage
52
Tissue reaction to laser light
Red laser is highly absorbed by red pigmented tissue
53
How does a laser work on tissue?
Focused light impacts tissue and is absorbed. Cellular water is heated. Water converts to steam. Cells burst by pressure within cell wall. Releases debris and smoke ( laser plume)
54
What are the 4 interactions lasers have with tissue?
Absorption Transmission Reflection Scattering
55
Describe laser tissue interaction- absorption
Tissue/cells absorb laser energy and are destroyed Affected by: Fluence and wavelength Tissue color and consistency Cellular water content
56
Describe laser tissue interaction- transmission
How laser light passes through a tissue Ex. Argon goes through clear aqueous to coagulate
57
Describe laser tissue interaction- reflection
Laser reflected from impact site Can be intentional or unintentional
58
Describe laser tissue interaction- scattering
Beam spreads over a larger area Deviates from straight trajectory
59
What are the laser system parts?
Console- outer housing of system Control panel- has all settings Laser chamber/tube- contains active medium Laser head- condenses light into beam Hand-piece/laser fiber- component on sterile field that delivers the laser to tissue
60
Describe CO2 laser gas
Most common Infrared region of electromagnetic spectrum Invisible beam with visible red beam Contraindicated in eye surgery Laryngeal tumors
61
Describe argon gas lasers
Travel through tissues and fluids Absorbed by red pigment tissue Common in eye surgeries
62
Describe krypton gas lasers
Colors are green yellow and red Used to remove superficial lesions Ablate tissue on retina
63
Describe excimer gas and halogen laser
Ultraviolet in color Reshaping of cornea Destruction of plaque within arteries
64
Describe tunable dye liquid lasers
Pulsed dye laser beam Formed when exposed to argon laser Tuned to produce wavelength Used in many surgeries and tissue types
65
Describe diode semi-conductor solids lasers
Popular for fiber optics, barcode readers, laser printers, blue ray players Prone to static electrical charges Good for hair removal, dermatology Good for spider veins and dark spots, eye surgery
66
Describe YAG laser/solid crystal
Used in GU Erbium (erbium YAG) Holmium (Ho YAG)** Neodymium (Nd YAG)**
67
Laser safety tips
For fire: Sterile water on field Aware of light beam Fire extinguishers For plume: Wear masks Smoke evaporators
68
Protection for lasers
For staff: Goggles/glasses laser specific Corneal burns/CO2 laser Retinal blindness- Nd-YAG and argon For patient: Moist gauze pads Intra-ocular shields Wet towels
69
Laser safety tips for outside personnel
Danger/laser signs on doors Cover windows Eyewear hanging outside
70
Other laser safety tips
Non-reflective instruments Foot pedals- surgeon only Stand by mode Non flammable laser safe turning for trachea

Surgical Tech 150 (15 decks)

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