Test 8 Flashcards
What are two major problems with group designs used to evaluate the effectiveness of treatments
- Inter-subject variability between groups
2. Group averages obscure individual differences
When do you use and ADT
When you want to look at the efficacy of two or more treatments. This strategy also provides good control for threats to internal validity.
- when treatments are sufficiently different from one another
- BL data unavailable or unstable
- you want to determine the relative effectiveness of more than one treatment on a behaviour
What is meant by rapid alternation
Rapid alternation does not necessarily mean changing quickly in a fixed period of time. Instead, typically in alternating treatment design, rapid alternation means each time the client is seen then that client receives an alternate treatment.
How do you connect the data point in an alternative treatment design
- connect all the data points in each treatment A, then same for treatment B
- If over time, the series of data points separate, one could say that one treatment is more effective.
How should treatments be presented
Treatments should be presented randomly to control for sequential confounding. You should not proceed in an A-B-A-B-A-B-A-B fashion, but rather randomize the order of introduction of the treatments.
What is a between series design
A between series design is another name for an alternating treatments design. It is called this because it involves comparing results between two separate series of data points.
-comparing results from two separate data points.
Same as ADT
What is a within series design
A within series design is another term used to describe an A-B-A withdrawal design. It is called this because you look at data within the same series of data points.
-ABA withdraw designs look at data within a series of same data points
What is a multiple schedule design
A multiple schedule design is having two or more schedules at the same time. This is used to compare schedules on a culmulative record and look at effects of two schedules.
Ex: FR 10 w/ FR 100
What is a randomization design
A randomization design emphasizes the randomness of the alternation as well as the number of alterations.
What is multiple treatment interference
Multiple treatment interference raises the issue of whether administering treatment B after A is the same as administering treatment B alone. This is an issue which involves one treatment interfering with another treatment so you don’t get a true picture of the effects of an individual treatment.
Does Treatment B when alternated with Treatment A have the same effect as B alone*
What is sequential confounding
equential confounding is also called order effects. This asks the question of if the results of treatment may have been different had the phase order differed. Would treatment B have the same results if it had preceded instead of followed treatment A?
Treatment B might be different if always follows A – randomization is that solution
What are carry over effects
influence of one treatment on an adjacent treatment irrespective of overall sequencing..
What are positive carry over effects
if treatment B was MORE effective because it was alternated with treatment A compared to being them only treatment administered.
What are negative carry over effects
if treatment B was LESS effective because it was alternated with treatment A compared to being them only treatment administered.
What are alternation effects
Alternation effects are a specific type of order effects/sequential confounding that occurs when alternating treatments.
How do you control for carry over effects.
- counterbalancing the order of treatments
- separating treatment sessions with a time interval and presenting only one treatment per session
- slower, more discriminable alternations should minimize carryover effects
How do discriminative stimuli impact carryover effects
The better the discriminative stimuli then the less carryover effects that will occur because the organism can differentially respond to the discriminative stimuli.
they quicker the participants discriminate the faster carry over effects reduce/eliminate
What is independent verification
Independent verification is a method of assessing the extent to which carryover effects are present. It entails conducting a controlled experiment in which one or another of the component treatments in the alternating treatments design is administered independently.
administer one of the component treatments independently – compare
What is functional manipulations
A functional manipulation is another method of assessing the extent to which carryover effects are present. In this procedure, the strength of one of the components is manipulated and the experimenter observes the effect, if any, on the alternate treatment in the subsequent phase.k
the strength of one of the components is altered, i.e. increase amount of time for flooding
what functions does counterbalancing play
Counterbalancing functions to decrease all factors extraneous to the treatment and their influence on the dependent variable. It is up to the clinical researcher to determine which factors to counterbalance. It is also important to counterbalance the setting and time of day during which the procedures are administered if these might have an influence on the dependent variable.
What is the minimum number of data points per treatment
When comparing 2 treatments, need minimum of 2 data points per treatment, more would be better
what is meant by semi random order
“Semi-random” order means being careful not to bunch too many administrations of the same treatment together in a row. Thus, you might consider using a “semi-random” order with an upper limit on the number of consecutive occurrences permitted, with this determination based on the total number of alternations available.
What are the advantages of the alternating treatment design
- that it does not require withdrawal of treatment and questions on relative effectiveness can be answered without a withdrawal phase at all
- it can supply useful data more quickly than a withdrawal design because there isn’t the relatively lengthy baseline, treatment, and withdrawal phases
- it is relatively insensitive to background trends in behaviors because one is comparing the results of two treatments or conditions in the context of whatever background trend is occurring
- it has an overall flexibility because there is freedom when to begin with active treatment, it is amenable to many design variations, and can test effectiveness of treatments on the behavior change of large groups
What is a simultaneous treatment design
A simultaneous treatment design is when there are two or more treatments actually available simultaneously. Since the treatments are presented simultaneously, what happens is that the subject “chooses” a preferred treatment or condition.
Disadvantages to ATD>
- *1.Multiple treatment interference
2. Unnatural nature of rapidly alternating treatments
3. Limited capacity
4. Selection of treatments
F Design
alternating treatments comparison of the two interventions in a multiple baseline design across subjects