Test 2 Flashcards
9 tactics for generalization
Train and Hope Sequential Modification Introduce to Natural Maintaining Contin- gencies Train Sufficient Exemplars Train Loosely Use Indiscriminable Contingencies Program Common Stimuli train to generalize mediate generalization
External validity
- The extent to which the conclusions from your research study can be generalized to the people outside of your study.
- There are three types of generalization: population, environmental, and temporal.
Internal validity
- Was the experiment done right
- Whether it avoids confounding (more than one possible independent variable [cause] acting at the same time).
- The less chance for confounding in a study, the higher its internal validity is.
Homogenious group
- similar abilities/conditions etc. in one group.
- Less range, variability than heterogeneous
How is heterogeneity related to samples
the more adequately the group represents the general population, the less relevance it will have to a specific individual.
- The better the sample the more heterogeneous the group
- specific effects of treatment get lost in the group averages.
- not helpful for the individual clinician, maybe even harmful
Logical generalization
- groups need to be homo (including control) e.e same disorder, age, degree of condition, symptoms etc.
- sacrifices random sampling and inferential statements about the population, BUT clinician can then make confident decisions ab out similar cases in that they will respond well to the same treatment.
- characteristics that are important and unimportant will depend on the judgement of the clinician
- Can test and retest multiple individuals
adequate sample
large enough to provide precision by minimizing chance
-replication in single case design makes up for the lack of participants.
random sample
Simple random sampling is the basic sampling technique where we select a group of subjects (a sample) for study from a larger group (a population). Each individual is chosen entirely by chance and each member of the population has an equal chance of being included in the sample.
four types of generality
- generalized behaviour change outside of treatment setting
- across subjects of clients (other subjects with similar characteristics)
- across behaviour change agents (who is delivering treatment )
- setting
What are 2 limitations of group designs in establishing generality pg. 48
inferring that results from a generally homogeneous group are representative of a given population
-generalizing an average response of a heterogeneous group to an individual.
what is the problem with averaging data
doesn’t represent any individual
blocking
averaging two or more data points within a phase
- should only be used to make trends more visible
- variability does not appear
what is a trend
takes past info to make a prediction
3 patterns of variability
-subjects fail to improve (previously demonstrated to be effective)
-subjects improve spontaneously (placebo effect/during BL)
-cyclical variability (intra subject variability) eg. asthma mom example
First 2 inter subject variability
What is meant by rapidly changing designs?
make immediate changes to the experimental design based on hypothesis or unexpected changes
What is meant by repeated measurement
test one group of subjects more than once.
-within-subject design
What is meant when one highlights variability
.
What is variability
Variability is the extent to which data points in a statistical distribution or data set diverge from the average, or mean, value as well as the extent to which these data points differ from each other
What is generality of findings
The generality of a finding refers to the degree to which a functional relationship obtained in one situation is able to predict the obtained relationship in a new situation.
What is meant by statistical significance?
Statistically significant is the likelihood that a relationship between two or more variables is caused by something other than random chance
Functional relationship
relationship between IV and DV
How can statistical significance over and under estimate clinical effectiveness
ex. treatment is quite effective with a few participants but not so much with others. shows effectiveness of treatment, or not, even when there may not be for some people.
What is meant by when the data are averaged overall the subjects, the effects of the uncontrolled
variables are presumed to add algebraically to zero?
In a large group of subjects, the reasoning goes, the uncontrolled factor will change the behavior of some subjects in one direction and will affect the remaining subjects in the opposite away. When the data are averaged over all the subjects, the effects of the uncontrolled variables are presumed to add algebraically to zero.
What is meant by variability was intrinsic to the organism
due to the organism rather than the experimenter/experiment.
What is meant by behavior is a function of a multiplicity of factors
intrinsic, environment, day, people etc. lower animals don’t have as many influences
Why is replication important for generality
direct replication provides some support (can be done again with same ppl and setting ie across clients)
systematic replication needed for more advanced generalization (diff clients, people, settings)