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Oral anatomy and histology > test 7 > Flashcards

test 7 Flashcards

1
Q

when does prenatal development begin

how is it divided

A
  • begins at the start of pregnancy and continues until the birth of the child
  • 9 months of gestation divided into 3 trimesters
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2
Q

what periods make up each trimester

A

first trimester: preimplantation period AND embryonic period

second and third trimester: fetal period

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3
Q

define primordium

A

earliest indication of a tissue or an organ during prenatal development

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4
Q

developmental disturbances can include ________ which are evident at ______

most occur during both ____ and _____

Such malformations occur in _____ cases

One of leading causes of _____

A

developmental disturbances can include CONGENITAL MALFORMATIONS which are evident at BIRTH

most occur during both PREIMPLANTATION PERIOD and EMBRYONIC PERIOD

Such malformations occur in 3/100 cases

One of leading causes of INFANT DEATH

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5
Q

what causes malfomation

A
  • genetic factors (chromosome abnormalities)
  • environmental agents/factors
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6
Q

what are teratogens

A

environmental agents and factors including infections, drugs, chemicals, and radiation

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7
Q

examples of teratogens

A

drugs: ethanol (alcohol), tetracycline, lithium, methotrexate, warfarin, thalidomide, androgens, progesterone

chemicals: methymercury, polychlorinated biphenyls

infections: rubella virus, syphilis spirochete, herpes simplex, human immunodeficiency

radiation: high levels of ionizing radiation

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8
Q

pregnant women and dental xrays`

A

diagnostic levels of radiation should be avoided but have not been directly linked to congenital malformations

if xrays are needed, wear proper lead gear and minimize exposure

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9
Q

PREIMPLANTATION PERIOD

______ week after conception

______ meets ______ during fertilization

Union of ovum and sperm forms a _______

During fertilization, the final stages of ______ occur in the _____

A

FIRST week after conception

OVUM meets SPERM during fertilization

Union of ovum and sperm forms a FERTILZIED EGG (ZYGOTE)

During fertilization, the final stages of MEIOSIS occur in the OVUM

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10
Q

PREIMPLANTATION PERIOD

The result of this process is joining of ovum’s _______ with those of the sperm

Joining of chromosomes from both biological parents forms a new individual with “_________” chromosomes

To allow this formation of a new individual, the sperm and ovum, when joined, have proper number of chromosomes (from diploid number of ___)

If both these cells carried the full complement of chromosomes:

  • Fertilization would result in a zygote with ___ the proper number
  • Result is severe ________ and/or _____
A

The result of this process is joining of ovum’s CHROMOSOMES with those of the sperm

Joining of chromosomes from both biological parents forms a new individual with “SHUFFLING” chromosomes

To allow this formation of a new individual, the sperm and ovum, when joined, have proper number of chromosomes (from diploid number of 46)

If both these cells carried the full complement of chromosomes:

  • Fertilization would result in a zygote with 2 TIMES the proper number
  • Result is severe MALFORMATINS and/or PRENATAL DEATH
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11
Q

KARYOTYPE

The _______ of a person’s chromosomes is done by ______ arrangement of the pairs in a karyotype, with the sex known by the presence of either having ___ chromosomes for females or ___ for males

A

The PHTOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS of a person’s chromosomes is done by ORDERLY arrangement of the pairs in a karyotype, with the sex known by the presence of either having XX chromosomes for females or XY for males

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12
Q

PREIMPLANTATION PERIOD

After fertilization:

Zygote undergoes _______ (individual cell division or _____)

Ongoing process of ______ and secretion of
fluid by the cells

Zygote becomes a vesicle known as a _________

A

After fertilization:

Zygote undergoes MITOSIS (individual cell division or CLEAVAGE)

Ongoing process of MITOSIS and secretion of
fluid by the cells

Zygote becomes a vesicle known as a BLASTOCYST

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13
Q

what are the hourly/daily stages of growth of a zygote

A

zygote: 12-24 hours

2 cells: 30hours

4 cells: 40-50 hours

8 cells: 60 hours

16 cells: 4 days

blastocyst: 5 days

implantation 6 days

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14
Q

PREIMPLANTATION PERIOD

describe implantation in 3 steps

A
  1. blastocyst approaches endometrium
  2. trophoblasts invade endometrium
  3. endometrial tissue grows over the blastocyst to complete implantation
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15
Q

what developmental disturbances can occur during the PREIMPLANTATION PERIOD

A

down syndrome (trisomy 21)

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16
Q

DOWN SYNDROME

Disturbances in ______ (during fertilization)

Major congenital malformations result from
_______ abnormality

___% of cases

Example: Down syndrome (_______), where _____ chromosome number 21 is present after meiotic division

A

Disturbances in MEIOSIS (during fertilization)

Major congenital malformations result from
CHROMOSOMAL abnormality

10% of cases

Example: Down syndrome (TRISOMY 21), where EXTRA chromosome number 21 is present after meiotic division

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17
Q

what are the physical differences in patients with down syndrome (6)

A
  • epicanthic folds
  • flat, broad face
  • widely spaced eyes
  • oblique eyelid fissures
  • flat bridged nose
  • furrowed lower lip
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18
Q

CLINICAL CONSIDERATIONS FOR PATIENTS WITH DOWN SYNDROME

Eruption patterns ______ and may occur in an
______ order; Delay may be as long as _____

Patient may have altered ____; not enough
______ to chew some foods

High rate of _______

  • Other irregularities: (7)
A

Eruption patterns DELAYED and may occur in an UNUSUAL order; Delay may be as long as 2-3 YEARS

Patient may have altered DIET; not enough
TEETH to chew some foods

High rate of MISSING TEETH (primary and permanent)

Other irregularities:
1. microdontia/malformed teeth
2. underdeveloped midface/jaw
3. severe crowding for those who have all their permanent teeth
4. small/conical roots (more likely to have perio disease)
5. tongue may protrude/ macroglossia
6. narrow palatal arch/high palatal vault
7. less space for tongue, affects speech and mastication

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19
Q

what is the second period in prenatal development

when does it occur

A

EMBRYONIC PERIOD

beginning of the second week to the end of the eighth week

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20
Q

EMBRYONIC PERIOD

Certain _______ processes or spatial and
temporal events called _____ occur during
this period

Physiological processes that facilitate _______

A

Certain PHYSIOLOGICAL processes or spatial and temporal events called PATTERNING occur during this period

Physiological processes that facilitate FURTHER DEVELOPMENT

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21
Q

induction

proliferation

differentiation

morphogenesis

maturation

A

induction: action of one group of cells on another that leads to the establishment of the developmental pathway in the responding tissue

proliferation: controlled by cellular growth and accumulation of byproducts

differentiation: change in identical embryonic cells to become distinct structurally and functionally

morphogenesis: development of specific tissue structure or differing form due to embryonic cell migration and inductive interactions

maturation: attainment of adult function and size due to proliferation, differentiation, and morphogenesis

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22
Q

EMBRYONIC PERIOD

describe induction (4)

A
  • first physiological process
  • action of one group of cells on another (responding tissue)
  • establishment of the developmental pathway
  • “game plan”
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23
Q

EMBRYONIC PERIOD

Describe proliferation (3)

A
  • after/follows induction
  • dramatic process of controlled levels of cellular growth
  • present during most prenatal development
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24
Q

EMBRYONIC PERIOD

what are the two types of growth during proliferation

A

interstitial: occurs from deep WITHIN a tissue or organ

appositional: tissue enlarges its size by the ADDITION OF NEW LAYERS on the OUTSIDE of a structure (increases thickness)

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25
Q

EMBRYONIC PERIOD

describe differentiation (3)

A
  • change occurring in genetically identical embryonic cells which later become distinct functionally and structurally
  • occurs at various rates in the embryo
  • many parts of the embryo are affected: cells, tissue types, organs, and systems
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26
Q

EMBRYONIC PERIOD (SECOND WEEK)

Implanted blastocyst grows by:
1) Increased _______ of the embryonic cells
2) _______ also occurring
3) Resulting in cellular _______

Every ridge, bump, and recess now indicate these increased levels of ________

Increased number of embryonic cells = creates
the embryonic cell layers (________) within the _______

A

Implanted blastocyst grows by:
1) Increased PROLIFERATION of the embryonic cells
2) DIFFERENTIATION also occurring
3) Resulting in cellular MORPHOGENESIS

Every ridge, bump, and recess now indicate these increased levels of CELLULAR DIFFERENTIATION

Increased number of embryonic cells = creates
the embryonic cell layers (GERM LAYERS) within the BLASTOCYST

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27
Q

what are the germ layers

A

ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm, neural crest cells

*neural crest cells are not present in the embryonic disc until later in the 3rd week

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28
Q

ECTODERM

  1. origin
  2. morphology
  3. future structures
A
  1. epiblast layer
  2. columnar cells
  3. epidermis, sensory epithelium of eyes, ears, nose, mammary and cutaneous glands
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29
Q

MESODERM

  1. origin
  2. morphology
  3. future structures
A
  1. migrating cells from the epiblast layer
  2. varies
  3. dermis, muscle, bone, lymphatics, blood cells, bone marrow, cartilage, reproductive organs
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30
Q

ENDODERM

  1. origin
  2. morphology
  3. future structures
A
  1. hypoblast layer
  2. cuboidal
  3. respiratory and digestive system linings, liver and pancreatic cells
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31
Q

NEURAL CREST CELLS

  1. origin
  2. morphology
  3. future structures
A
  1. migrating neuroectoderm
  2. varies
  3. components of the nervous system, pigment cells, connective tissue proper, cartilage, bone, certain dental tissues
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32
Q

SECOND WEEK

the bilaminar embryonic disc is developed from what

how does it appear

what are the layers

A

developed from the blastocyst

appears as a flattened circular plate of bilayered cells

Superior layer/epiblast layer: made of high columnar cells
inferior layer/hypoblast layer: made of small cuboidal cells

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33
Q

SECOND WEEK

____ and developing _____ circulation

Permit selective exchange of soluble ________ substances between ________ and _______

Includes: (4)

A

PLACENTA and developing UMBILICAL circulation

Permit selective exchange of soluble BLOODBORNE substances between PREGNENT WOMEN and DEVELOPING EMBRYO

Includes OXYGEN, CARBON DIOXIDE, AND NUTRITIONAL/HORMONAL SUBSTANCES

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34
Q

EMBRYONIC PERIOD (THIRD WEEK)

at the beginning of the third week:

______ forms within the _______

A

PRIMITIVE STREAK forms within the BILAMINAR EMBYONIC DISC

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35
Q

THIRD WEEK

Embryonic connective tissue comes from _____ cell layers

Become _____ cells

Mesenchymal cells have potential to ______ and _______ into diverse types of _________

Forming cells (such as ________)

A

Embryonic connective tissue comes from MIGRATORY cell layers

Become MESENCHYME cells

Mesenchymal cells have potential to PROLIFERATE and DIFFERENTIATE into diverse types of CONNECTIVE TISSUE

Forming cells (such as FIBROBLASTS, CHONDROBLASTS, AND OSTEOBLASTS)

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36
Q

Mesenchyme: (mesenchymal connective tissue) is an example of _______ connective tissue, a type of _______ connective tissue, which is derived from _______ embryonic (or _____) layers and located _______ the embryo.

A

Mesenchyme: (mesenchymal connective tissue) is an example of RETICULAR connective tissue, a type of LOOSE connective tissue, which is derived from ALL THREE embryonic (or GERM) layers and located WITHIN the embryo.

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37
Q

THIRD WEEK

Some of this tissue begins to create a new embryonic cell layer= ______

With three layers present, the bilaminar disc has become thickened into a _______ embryonic disc

A

Some of this tissue begins to create a new embryonic cell layer= MESODERM

With three layers present, the bilaminar disc has become thickened into a TRILAMINAR embryonic disc

38
Q

zygote > blastocyst > _______

A

GASTRULA

39
Q

THIRD WEEK

after the formation of the trilaminar disc, it now has:

A

cephalic end and caudal end

40
Q

what is the cephalic end (3)

A
  • head end
  • contains oropharyngeal membrane
  • consists of only ectoderm and endoderm
41
Q

THIRD WEEK

During the later part of the third week, the ______ begins to develop in the embryo

Many steps occur during this week to form the beginnings of the ______ and _______

A

During the later part of the third week, the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTME begins to develop in the embryo

Many steps occur during this week to form the beginnings of the SPINAL CORD and BRAIN

42
Q

THIRD WEEK

Specialized group of cells differentiates from the _____ and is now considered _______

These cells are localized to _____ of the embryo

Neural plate:

Plate undergoes further _______ and ______

It deepens and folds ____, forming the ______

A

Specialized group of cells differentiates from the ECTODERM and is now considered NEUROECTODERM

These cells are localized to NEURAL PLATE of the embryo

Neural plate: central band of cells that extend from cephalic end to caudal end

Plate undergoes further GROWTH and THICKENING

It deepens and folds INWARD forming the NEURAL GROOVE

43
Q

THIRD WEEK

near the end of the third week, the _______ deepens further and is surrounded by _____

further growth of the _______ occurs

______ is formed through _____ of the most ____ part of the structure

A

near the end of the third week, the NEURAL GROOVE deepens further and is surrounded by NEURAL FOLDS

further growth of the NEUROECTODERM occurs

NEURAL TUBE is formed through FUSION of the most SUPERIOR part of the structure

44
Q

describe the development of the central nervous system in 3 steps

A
  1. neuroectoderm forms from the ectoderm and is located at the neural plate
  2. the neural plate thickens to form the neural groove and is surrounded by neural folds
  3. folds meet and fuse, forming a neural tube
45
Q

THIRD WEEK

by the end of the third week, the ______ additionally differentiates and begins to ____ on each side of the tube into ____ paired ______ segments of mesoderm, forming the _______

A

by the end of the third week, the MESODERM additionally differentiates and begins to DIVIDE on each side of the tube into 38 paired CUBOIDAL segments of mesoderm, forming the SOMITES

46
Q

EMBRYONIC PERIOD (FOURTH WEEK)

Disc undergoes _______
- Establishing an ____
- Places forming tissue types into their proper _____

Producing a somewhat ______ embryo

Folding results from extensive ______ of the _____ and _______ of basic tissue types

Initially occurs mainly at ______ end (where ____ will form)

Tissue grows beyond the __________ to overhang the developing ______

A

Disc undergoes EMBRYONIC FOLDING
- Establishing an AXIS
- Places forming tissue types into their proper POSITIONS

Producing a somewhat TUBULAR embryo

Folding results from extensive PROLIFERATION of the ECTODERM and DIFFERENTIATION of basic tissue types

Initially occurs mainly at CEPHALIC end (where BRAIN will form)

Tissue grows beyond the OROPHARYNGEAL MEMBRANE to overhang the developing HEART

47
Q

FOURTH WEEK

Folding due to increased growth occurs not only at the cephalic end but also at the _____ end and at the sides of the embryo ________

Folding at both positions of the embryonic cell layers take on a more _______ placement for the further development of the embryo

A

Folding due to increased growth occurs not only at the cephalic end but also at the CAUDAL end and at the sides of the embryo SIMULTANEOUSLY

Folding at both positions of the embryonic cell layers take on a more RECOGNIZABLE placement for the further development of the embryo

48
Q

what happens AFTER folding of the disc (4)

A
  • endoderm lies inside the ectoderm
  • mesoderm fills the area between the two layers
  • creates a hollow tube lined by endoderm from the cephalic to caudal end of the embryo
  • this tube is the future digestive tract and is separated into the foregut, midgut, and hindgut
49
Q

FOLDING OF THE EMBRYO

________ disc has folded into the embryo as a result of extensive growth of the _______

______ is thus inside the ectoderm

________ filling in the areas between these two tissue types (Developing _____,______, AND____)

A

TRILAMINAR disc has folded into the embryo as a result of extensive growth of the ECTODERM

ENDODERM is thus inside the ectoderm

MESODERM filling in the areas between these two tissue types (Developing BRAIN, HEART, AND DIGESTIVE TRACT)

50
Q

DEVELOPMENT OF THE PHARYNX

anterior part of tube =

posterior parts (2) of tube =

A

anterior part = foregut (forms the primitive pharynx)

posterior parts = midgut and hindgut (form the rest of the mature pharynx and remainder of the digestive tract)

51
Q

During development of the digestive tract, ____ pairs of pharyngeal pouches will form on the _____ lining the pharynx

A

During development of the digestive tract, FOUR pairs of pharyngeal pouches will form on the LATERAL WALLS lining the pharynx

52
Q

FOURTH WEEK

finally during the fourth week, the _______ begin to develop: (5)

A

finally during the fourth week, the FACE AND NECK begin to develop: PRIMITIVE EYES, EARS, NOSE, ORAL CAVITY, AND JAW AREAS

53
Q

what is the most critical period of prenatal development and why

what can occur

A

the EMBRYONIC period because the beginnings of all essential external and internal structures are formed during this period

developmental disturbances occurring during this period may give rise to major congenital malformations of the embryo

54
Q

what developmental disturbances can occur during the EMBRYONIC PERIOD

A
  • ectodermal dysplasia: abnormal development of one or more structures from the ectoderm
  • partial or complete anodontia: absent teeth, teeth that are present have disturbances
  • treacher collins syndrome: failure of migration of neural crest cells to the facial region in the embryo
  • syphilis: produces Hutchinson’s incisors, mulberry molars, blindness, deafness, and facial paralysis
55
Q

what is the clinical appearance of treacher collins syndrome

A
  • failure of full facial development
  • downward slanting eyes
  • micrognathia (small jaw)
  • hearing loss
  • underdeveloped zygomatic bone
  • drooping of lateral lower eyelids
  • malformed or absent ears
56
Q

bacterial spirochete of syphilis is an example of what

A

infective teratogen

57
Q

FETAL PERIOD

  • when does it start
  • what is the time frame
  • what occurs
  • what processes are involved
A
  • after the embryonic period
  • beginning of the nineth week (third month) until the nineth month
  • maturation of existing structures; embryo becomes a fetus
  • the physiological process of MATURATION of the individual tissue types and organs. As well as proliferation, differentiation, and morphogenesis
58
Q

what developmental disturbance can occur during the FETAL stage, describe it

A

TETRACYCLINE STAIN

  • systemic tetracycline antibiotic therapy of the pregnant female can act as a teratogenic drug during the fetal period
  • can result in tetracycline stains within the child’s primary teeth that are developing during this time
59
Q

when does facial development occur (what period)

what layers are involved in facial development

rapid growth of _____

embryo does what

A

embryonic period

all 3: ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm

rapid growth of the BRAIN

embryo bulges over the OROPHARYNGEAL MEMBRANE and developing heart

60
Q

Most of the facial tissues develop by _____ of swellings or tissue on the _____ surface of the embryo.

A _______ is initially located between these adjacent swellings due to _____, ______, and ______

A

Most of the facial tissues develop by FUSION of swellings or tissue on the SAME surface of the embryo.

A CLEFT OR FURROW is initially located between these adjacent swellings due to PROLIFERATION, DIFFERENTIATION, and MORPHOGENESIS

61
Q

STOMODEUM AND ORAL CAVITY FORMATION

The primitive mouth is now the ______
- Initially appeared as a shallow depression in the embryonic surface ______ at the _____ end before the _____ week

At this time, the stomodeum is limited in depth by the __________
- The membrane separates the stomodeum from ________

The primitive pharynx is the _____ part of the _____, the beginning of the future digestive tract

A

The primitive mouth is now the STOMODEUM
- Initially appeared as a shallow depression in the embryonic surface ECTODERM at the CEPHALIC end before the FOURTH week

At this time, the stomodeum is limited in depth by the OROPHARYNGEAL MEMBRANE
- The membrane separates the stomodeum from the PRIMITIVE PHARYNX

The primitive pharynx is the CRANIAL part of the FOREGUT, the beginning of the future digestive tract

62
Q

formation of the stomodeum and oral cavity in 3 steps

A
  1. disintegration of the oropharyngeal membrane which enlarges the stomodeum of the embryo
  2. allows access between the primitive mouth and the primitive pharynx
  3. mandibular processes fuse, forming the mandibular arch inferior to the enlarged stomodeum
63
Q

MANDIBULAR ARCH AND LOEWR FACE FORMATION

forms after formation of the ______

Two bulges of tissue appear inferior to the _______, they are the ________

these paired mandibular processes then fuse at the ________ to form the ______

the mandibular arch is the future ________

A

forms after formation of the STOMODEUM

Two bulges of tissue appear INFERIOR to the PRIMITIVE MOUTH, they are the MANDIBULAR PROCESSES

these paired mandibular processes then fuse at the MIDLINE to form the MANDIBULAR ARCH

the mandibular arch is the future MANDIBLE

64
Q

MANDIBULAR ARCH AND LOWER FACE FORMATION

Interesting fact: midline on mature bony mandible is the _________. Indicating where the mandible is formed by _____ of right and left ________

In the future, the mandibular arch directly gives rise to: (3)

A

Interesting fact: midline on mature bony mandible is the MANDIBULAR SYMPHYSIS. Indicating where the mandible is formed by FUSION of right and left MANDIBULAR PROCESSES

In the future, the mandibular arch directly gives rise to:
- lower face
- lower lip
- mandibular teeth

65
Q

FRONTONASAL PROCESS AND UPPER FACE FORMATION

During this _____ week, the frontonasal process also forms as a _____ of tissue in the ______ facial area

This process is at the most ____ end of the embryo and is the ________ of the _______.

A

During this FOURTH week, the frontonasal process also forms as a BULGE of tissue in the UPPER facial area

This process is at the most CEPHALIC end of the embryo and is the CRANIAL BOUNDARY of the STOMEDEUM.

66
Q

PLACODE DEVELOPMENT

what are placodes

where are they located

gives an example

A

placodes: specialized, thickened ECTODERM found at the location of developing special sense organs

located on the outer surface of the embryo

EXAMPLE: 2 lens placodes that are initially located fish like on each side of the frontonasal process

67
Q

NOSE AND PARANASAL SINUS FORMATION

During the _____ week

_________ on the frontonasal process undergoes growth

Placodes become ________ forming a depression in the center of each placode, the _____

________ are two crescent‑shaped swellings located between the ______

_________ are the outer part crescent-shaped swellings of the _________

A

During the FOURTH week

NASAL PLACODES on the frontonasal process undergoes growth

Placodes become SUBMERGED forming a depression in the center of each placode, the NASAL PITS

MEDIAL NASAL PROCESSES are two crescent‑shaped swellings located BETWEEN the NASAL PITS

LATERAL NASAL PROCESSES are the outer part crescent-shaped swellings of the NASAL PITS

68
Q

DEVELOPMENT OF THE INTERMAXILLARY SEGMENT

The development of the intermaxillary segment from the fused _________ on the inside of the __________

A

The development of the intermaxillary segment from the fused MEDIAL NASAL PROCESSES on the inside of the STOMODEUM

69
Q

MAXILLARY PROCESS AND MIDFACE FORMATION

Maxillary process derived from ________ and forms from increased growth of the ________ on each side of the ________

Each maxillary process will grow _____ and _______ around the stomodeum

Upper lip is formed when each maxillary process ______ with each _________ on both sides of the _________

A

Maxillary process derived from ADJACENT SWELLINGS and forms from increased growth of the MANDIBULAR ARCH on each side of the STOMODEUM

Each maxillary process will grow SUPERIORLY and ANTERIORLY around the stomodeum

Upper lip is formed when each maxillary process FUSES with each MEDIAL NASAL PROCESS on both sides of the STOMODEUM

70
Q

the maxillary process contributes to the ________, and the two medial nasal processes contribute to the _________

A

the maxillary process contributes to the SIDES OF THE UPPER LIP, and the two medial nasal processes contribute to the PHILTRUM (frontonasal process)

71
Q

what is cleft lip

A
  • failure of fusion of the maxillary process with the medial nasal process
  • varying degrees of disfigurement and disability
  • may be hereditary or associated with environmental factors
  • more common/severe in males
  • more common as unilateral (left side)
  • complicates nursing/feeding/suckling of a child, as well as speech development and appearance, and can increase oronasal infection levels
72
Q

what are commissural lip pits

A
  • epithelium lined blind tracts located at the labial commissure
  • may be shallow or several mm deep
  • congenital lip pits may be observed near the midline of the vermillion border
  • no treatment
73
Q

what gives rise to the primitive pharynx, what will it form

A

The FOREGUT gives rise to the primitive pharynx, which will form the OROPHARYNX

74
Q

DEVELOPMENT OF BRANCHIAL ARCHES

Occurs during ______ week

Stacked _________ swellings of tissue appear _____ to the stomodeum

These are the branchial arches:

_________ being the first branchial arch

Others numbered in _______ sequence

____ pairs of U‑shaped bars with a core of _______ tissue

A

Occurs during FOURTH week

Stacked BILATERAL swellings of tissue appear INFERIOR to the stomodeum

These are the branchial arches:

MANDIBULAR ARCH being the first branchial arch

Others numbered in CRANIOCAUDAL sequence

SIX pairs of U‑shaped bars with a core of MESENCHYME tissue

75
Q

DEVELOPMENT OF BRANCHIAL ARCHES

what does each paired branchial arch have

A

Each paired branchial arch has ITS OWN developing cartilage, nerve, vascular, and muscular components within each mesodermal core

76
Q

PHARYNGEAL POUCHES AND DERIVATIVE STRUCTURES

what are the future tissues of the first pouches

second pouches

third and fourth pouches

A

first: tympanic membrane, tympanic cavity, mastoid antrum, auditory tube

second: crypts and lymphatic nodules of the palatine tonsils

third and fourth: parathyroid and thymus glands

77
Q

PALATAL DEVELOPMENT

5-6 week:
6-12 week:
12 week:

A

fifth to sixth week
PRIMARY PALATE: intermaxillary segment from fused medial nasal processes

sixth to twelfth week
SECONDARY PALATE: fused palatal shelves from maxillary processes

twelfth week
FINAL PALATE: fusion of all 3 processes

78
Q

PRIMARY PALATE FORMATION

During the ______ week of prenatal development, still within the ______ period, the ________ forms

A

During the FIFTH week of prenatal development, still within the EMBRYONIC period, the INTERMAXILLARY SEGMENT forms

79
Q

DEVELOPMENT OF INTERMAXILLARY SEGMENT

The development of the intermaxillary segment from the fused __________ on the inside of the _______

A

The development of the intermaxillary segment from the fused MEDIAL NASAL PROCESSES on the inside of the STOMEDEUM

80
Q

PRIMARY PALATE FORMATION

The intermaxillary segment also gives rise to the ______

At this time, the primary palate serves only as a ________ between the developing ________ and _______

A

The intermaxillary segment also gives rise to the PRIMARY PALATE/ PRIMITIVE PALATE

At this time, the primary palate serves only as a PARTIAL SEPARATION between the developing ORAL CAVITY PROPER and NASAL CAVITY

81
Q

SECONDARY PALATE FORMATION

During the ______ week of prenatal development, within the _______ period, the bilateral _________ give rise to two ______ (or lateral palatine processes).

These shelves grow _______ and deep on the inside of the _______ in a ________ direction, along both sides of the developing _____

Tongue is forming on the floor of the _____

Tongue ______ begin to function

Tongue ______ and moves out of the way of these developing _______

A

During the SIXTH week of prenatal development, within the EMBRYONIC period, the bilateral MAXILLARY PROCESSES give rise to two PALATAL SHELVES (or lateral palatine processes).

These shelves grow INFERIORLY and deep on the inside of the STOMODEUM in a VERTICAL direction, along both sides of the developing TONGUE

Tongue is forming on the floor of the PHARYNX

Tongue MUSCLES begin to function

Tongue CONTRACTS and moves out of the way of these developing PALATAL SHELVES

82
Q

SECONDARY PALATE FORMATION (CONT.)

Palatal shelves move into a _____ position (______ to developing tongue)

Two palatal shelves ____ and move _____ toward each other

Meeting and joining, fusing to form the _____ palate

The secondary palate will give rise to the _________, which contains canines and posterior teeth, posterior to the ________

what two structures indicate the line of fusion of the palatal shelved

A

Palatal shelves move into a HORIZONTAL position (SUPERIOR to developing tongue)

Two palatal shelves ELONGATE and move MEDIALLY toward each other

Meeting and joining, fusing to form the SECONDARY palate

The secondary palate will give rise to the POSTERIOR TWO THIRDS OF THE HARD PALATE, which contains canines and posterior teeth, posterior to the INCISIVE FORAMEN

The median palatine raphe on the mucosa and the median palatine suture on the bone

83
Q

COMPLETION OF THE PALATE

Posterior part of the ________ meets the ______

Gradually they fuse together in an __________ direction

A

Posterior part of the PRIMARY PALATE meets the SECONDARY PALATE

Gradually they fuse together in an ANTERIOR TO POSTERIOR direction

84
Q

What is cleft palate

A
  • failure of fusion of the palatal shelves with the primary palate and/or with each other
  • varying degrees of disability
  • occurs in 1/2500 cases
85
Q

NASAL CAVITY AND SEPTUM DEVELOPMENT

The nasal cavity forms in the same time frame as the _____, from the ______ week of prenatal development.

It will serve as part of the _________

Future________ is also developing when the palate is forming

A

The nasal cavity forms in the same time frame as the PALATE, from the 5TH-12TH week of prenatal development.

It will serve as part of the RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

Future NASAL SEPTUM is also developing when the palate is forming

86
Q

NASAL CAVITY AND SEPTUM DEVELOPMENT

The tissues that form the nasal septum will grow _______ and _____ to the _______ and superior to the ______

The ______ nasal septum then fuses with the horizontally oriented ________ after it has formed

A

The tissues that form the nasal septum will grow INFERIORLY and DEEP to the MEDIAL NASAL PROCESSES and superior to the STOMODEUM

The VERTICAL nasal septum then fuses with the horizontally oriented FINAL PALATE after it has formed

87
Q

clinical consideration for the nasal cavity and associated tissues; describe a deviated septum

A
  • occurs when the thin wall that makes up the nasal septum inside the nose is displaced to one side
  • nasal septum separates the right and left nasal cavities and ideally is situated in the center of the nose to equally separate the two sides
88
Q

TONGUE DEVELOPMENT

The tongue develops during the _____ week of prenatal development

It develops from __________ located _____ on the floor of the primitive pharynx, formed by the _______ branchial arches

A

The tongue develops during the 4TH-8TH week of prenatal development

It develops from INDEPENDENT SWELLINGS located INTERNALLY on the floor of the primitive pharynx, formed by the FIRST FOUR branchial arches

89
Q

DEVELOPEMENT OF THE TONGUE

4-8 week
body:
base:

8th week
completed tongue:

A

4-8 week
body: tuberculum impar and lateral lingual swellings appear
base: copula overgrowing second branchial arches

8th week
completed tongue: merging of anterior swellings of the body and copula of the base

90
Q

DEVELOPMENTAL DISTURBANCE OF THE TONGUE: ankyloglossia

A
  • tongue tied
  • short lingual frenum that extends to tongue apex

Oral anatomy and histology (15 decks)

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