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Oral anatomy and histology > nervous system > Flashcards

nervous system Flashcards

1
Q

what does the nervous system do in general (3)

A
  • Perceives information
  • Regulates body systems
  • Performs tasks without consciousness on our part
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2
Q

body functions that the NS is responsible for (6)

A
  • Muscle contractions
  • Facial expressions
  • Speech
  • Mastication
  • Secretion from Glands
  • Sensations
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3
Q

what are the two divisions of the nervous system, keep in mind they are CONSTANTLY interacting

A
  1. central nervous system
  2. peripheral nervous system
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4
Q
  1. define neuron
  2. define nerve
  3. define synapse
  4. define neurotransmitters
  5. define innervation
  6. define ganglion
A
  1. Neuron: CELLULAR component of the nervous system composed of a cell body and a neural process
  2. Nerve: a bundle of neural processes
  3. Synapse: junction between two neurons OR between a neuron and an organ
  4. Neurotransmitters: chemical agents discharged from the cell to allow impulses to travel/cross the synapse to another cell
  5. Innervation: a supply of nerves to a body portion; allows transmission of information to and from the brain
  6. Ganglion: an accumulation of neural cell bodies OUTSIDE of the central nervous system
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5
Q

what are the types of neurons

A
  1. motors neurons: Carry signals AWAY from the CNS to muscles/glands (efferent) effects change
  2. sensory neurons: Carry signals TOWARD the CNS from sensory receptors (afferent). stimulus affects change
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6
Q
  1. what makes up the CNS
  2. what makes up the PNS
A
  1. brain and spinal cord
  2. cranial nerves outside of the brain and spinal nerves outside of the spinal cord
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7
Q

what are the divisions of the peripheral nervous system and what do they do

A

SOMATIC NERVOUS SYSTEM
- afferent/efferent components
- controls actions of skeletal muscles
- conscious control (voluntary)

AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM
- without conscious control
- SYMPATHIC system: fight or flight response > causes xerostomia
- PARASYMPATHIC system: rest and digest response > stimulates salivary secretions for digestion
- maintains homeostasis of the body

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8
Q

where are the 12 paired cranial nerves connected?

where do they travel

they can be ___ or _____

A
  1. connected to the brain at its base
  2. pass through foramina
  3. either efferent or afferent; some have both types
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9
Q

what are the 12 cranial nerves, their types, AND what tissues they innverate

A

“Oh Oh Oh, To Touch And Feel A Girls Vagina And Hair”

“Some Say Marry Money But My Brother Says Big Brains Matter Most”

  1. olfactory (sensory/afferent); nasal mucosa
  2. optic (sensory/afferent); retina of the eye
  3. oculomotor (motor/efferent); eye muscles
  4. trochlear (motor/efferent); eye muscles
  5. trigeminal (both); M/E: muscles of mastication and other cranial muscles S/A: face and head skin, teeth, oral cavity, and tongue
  6. abducens (motor/efferent); eye muscles
  7. facial (both); M/E: muscles of facial expression, other cranial muscles, lacrimal/submandibular/sublingual glands, minor parasympathetic glands. S/A: skin around the ear and tongue
  8. auditory (sensory/afferent); inner ear
  9. glossopharyngeal (both); M/E: stylopharyengeus muscle, and parasympathetic parotid gland. S/A: skin around ear and tongue
  10. vagus (both); M/E: muscles of the soft palate, pharynx, larynx, thorax, and abdominal organs parasympathetically. S/A: skin around ear and epiglottis
  11. accessory (motor/efferent); muscles of the neck, soft palate, and pharynx
  12. hypoglossal (motor/efferent); muscles of the tongue
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10
Q

what is CN 1

where does it exit

A

olfactory nerve (sensory/afferent)

exits through cribriform plate of ethmoid bone

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11
Q

what is CN 2

where does it exit

A

optic nerve (sensory/afferent)

optic canal

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12
Q

what are the EFFERENT nerves of the eye; what do they control

where do they ALL exit

A
  • CN III, oculomotor, controls most of the eye muscles
  • CN IV, trochlear, superior oblique muscle
  • CN VI, abducens, lateral rectus muscle

ALL exit the skull via the superior orbital fissure

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13
Q

what are the divisions of the trigeminal nerve; what are their types; where do they exit the skull

A

CN V has 3 divisions
- Ophthalmic V1, afferent, superior orbital fissure
- Maxillary V2, afferent, foramen rotundum
- Mandibular V3, both, foramen ovale

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14
Q

what is CN VII

where does it exit

A

facial nerve (both)

exits skull via stylomastoid foramen

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15
Q

describe the efferent and afferent portions of the facial nerve

A

MOTOR/EFFERENT
- controls muscles of facial expression
- parasympathetic fibers control the lacrimal/submandibular/sublingual glands

SENSORY/AFFERENT
- skin behind the ear
- taste sensation
- body of tongue

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16
Q

what is CN VIII

where does it exit/what does it connect

what does it control

A

Vestibulocochlear/auditory nerve (sensory/afferent)

exits skull via internal acoustic meatus; connects inner ear to brain

nerves in the cochlea are for hearing, nerves in the semilunar canals are for balance

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17
Q

what is CN IX

where does it exit

A

Glossopharyngeal nerve (both)

exits skull via jugular foramen

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18
Q

describe the afferent and efferent parts of CN IX

A

MOTOR/EFFERENT
- pharyngeal muscle
- stylopharyngeal muscle

SENSORY/AFFERENT
- pharynx for taste and sensation at the base of the tongue
- soft palate
- palatine tonsils
- parasympathetic fibers control the parotid glands salivary flow

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19
Q

what is CN X

where does it exit

What does it control

A

vagus nerve (both)

exits skull via jugular foramen

MOTOR/EFFERENT
- muscles of the soft palate, pharynx, and larynx
- parasympathetic fibers connect to many organs including the thymus, stomach, and heart

SENSORY/AFFERENT
- skin around the ear and taste sensation for epiglottis

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20
Q

what is CN XI

where does it exit the skull

A

accessory nerve (motor/efferent)

exits skull via jugular foramen

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21
Q

what nerve innervates the cervical muscles

what else does it innervate

A

the TRAPEZIUS and STERNOCLEIDOMASTOID are innervated by CN XI (accessory nerve)

this nerve also innervates the muscles of the soft palate and pharynx

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22
Q

what CN’s make up the pharyngeal plexus

where do they all exit

what muscles do they play a role in innervating

A

CN IX, X, and XI (glossopharyngeal, vagus, accessory).

all pass through the jugular foramen

innervate muscles of the: soft palate, major neck muscles, and pharyngeal region

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23
Q

what area is this phrase describing:

Glossopharyngeal fibers join with the pharyngeal branches of the vagus nerve, which joins with the fibers of the accessory
nerve

A

the pharyngeal plexus

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24
Q

what is CN XII

where does it exit

what does it control

A

hypoglossal nerve (motor/efferent)

exits skull via hypoglossal canal

EFFERENT
- intrinsic and extrinsic muscles of the tongue

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25
Q

key factors about cranial nerve V (5)

A
  • the trigeminal nerve is the largest CN
  • has both afferent and efferent functions
  • largest section of the nerve is afferent
  • forms trigeminal ganglion located within the skull at the anterior surface of the petrous portion of the temporal bone
  • three sensory divisions that arise from ganglion and exit through different foramen
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26
Q

what are the 3 major nerves of the ophthalmic division (smallest division)

A

ALL SENSORY/AFFERENT

  • frontal nerve
  • lacrimal nerve
  • nasociliary nerve
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27
Q

what are the further branches of the frontal nerve, what do they innervate

A

SENSORY/AFFERENT

supraorbital nerve: innervates skin of the forehead and the anterior scalp

supratrochlear nerve: skin on the bridge of the nose and medial surfaces of the upper eyelid and forehead

28
Q

what are the further branches of the lacrimal nerve, what do they innervate

A

no further branches SENSORY/AFFERENT

lacrimal nerve innervates:
- lateral portion of the eyelid
- conjunctiva
- parasympathetic fibers go to the lacrimal gland and stimulate tears

29
Q

what are the further branches of the nasociliary nerve, what do they innervate

A

ALL SENSORY/AFFERENT

infratrochlear nerve: innervates skin on the medial eyelid and side of nose

ciliary nerve: innverates the eyeball

anterior ethmoid nerve: innervates nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses

External nasal nerve: innervates skin on the apex of the nose (branch of the anterior ethmoid nerve)

internal nasal nerve: innervates the anterior nasal septum and wall of the nasal cavity (branch of the anterior ethmoid nerve)

30
Q

where does trigeminal v2 exit the skull

where does it enter the skull

what functions does it consist of

what general structures does it provide sensation to (6)

A
  • exits skull through foramen rotundum
  • enters skull in the pterygopalatine fossa
  • afferent branches only
  • provides sensation to the maxilla, overlying skin, maxillary sinuses, nasal cavity, palate, and nasopharynx
31
Q

what are the further branches of trigeminal’s maxillary branch V2

A

ALL SENSORY/AFFERENT

  1. zygomatic nerve
    - zygomaticofacial
    - zygomaticotemporal
  2. infraorbital nerve
    - anterior superior alveolar
    - middle superior alveolar
  3. posterior superior alveolar nerve
  4. greater and lesser palatine nerves
  5. nasopalatine nerve
32
Q

what are the branches of the zygomatic nerve and what do they innervate

A

SENSORY/AFFERENT

zygomaticofacial nerve innervates the skin on the cheek

zygomaticotemporal nerve innervates the skin on the temporal region

  • the zygomatic nerve has parasympathetic fibers that go to the lacrimal gland
33
Q

what does the infraorbital nerve provide innervation to

describe its pathway

A

SENSORY/AFFERENT

cutaneous sensation to the upper lip, medial portion of the cheek, lower eyelid, and nose

enters the infraorbital canal through the infraorbital foramen then passes to the pterygopalatine fossa

34
Q

of the maxillary division, where does the ASA travel and what does it innervate

A

SENSORY/AFFERENT

  • the anterior superior alveolar nerve joins the infraorbital nerve in the infraorbital canal
  • it provides sensation to the maxillary anterior teeth and gingival tissues on the facial/labial side. sometimes crosses the midline. Innervates teeth 6-8 on the right and 9-11 on the left
35
Q

of the maxillary division, where does the MSA travel and what does it innervate

how often is it present, if it’s absent where does innervation come from

A
  • merges with the infraorbital nerve through the lateral wall of the maxillary sinus
  • provides sensation to pulps of MAXILLARY PREMOLARS and the MESIAL BUCCAL portion of the FIRST MOLAR as well as surrounding periodontium and overlying gingiva
  • only present 30% of the time, if it’s not present then innervation comes from the ASA or PSA
36
Q

of the maxillary division, where does the PSA originate

where does the internal branches of the PSA enter and what do they innervate

what do the external branches of the PSA provide sensation for

A
  • originates from the maxillary nerve in the pterygopalatine fossa
  • internal branches enter the posterior superior alveolar fossa superiorly to the tuberosity > supplies innervation to DISTAL 2/3 OF FIRST MOLAR and SECOND AND THIRD MOLARS (all but MB of first molar); and the mucous membrane of the maxillary sinus
  • external branches provide sensation for the facial/buccal gingiva overlying all 3 molars
37
Q

greater and lesser palatine nerves are _____ while the nasopalatine nerve is ______

A
  • bilateral
  • single
38
Q

both the greater and lesser palatine nerves travel ______ through the ____________ canal to go to the _______ bone

A

both the greater and lesser palatine nerves travel INFERIORLY through the PTERYGOPALATINE CANAL to go to the PALATINE BONE

39
Q

where does the greater palatine nerve exit and what does it innervate

where does the lesser palatine nerve exit and what does it innervate

A
  1. greater palatine nerve exits through the greater palatine foramen and innervates the gingiva and hard palate of premolars and molars
  2. Lesser Palatine Nerve exits the
    lesser palatine foramen and innervates soft palate and palatine tonsillar tissues
40
Q

the nasopalatine nerve travels where, innervates what, and communicates with what other nerve

A

SINGLE NERVE, NOT PAIRED/BILATERAL

maxillary nerve > enters anterior palate via the incisive foramen

innervates the gingiva and hard palate of the canine and incisors (anterior teeth)

Communicates with greater palatine nerve

41
Q

what is the largest division of the trigeminal nerve

what functions does it have

where does it emerge

what are the two trunks

A
  1. Mandibular division / V3
  2. afferent AND efferent
  3. emerges from foramen ovale of sphenoid bone
  4. has an anterior and posterior trunk
42
Q

the anterior trunk of the mandibular nerve contains what further branches

A
  • long buccal nerve (afferent)
  • muscular branches (efferent)
43
Q

what is the function of the long buccal nerve and what does it innervate

A
  • afferent
  • supplies sensation to the cheek and buccal mucosa of the mandibular molars
44
Q

what is the function of the muscular branches; what does each branch innervate

A
  • all efferent
  • Deep temporal nerve: temporalis muscle
  • masseteric nerve: masseter muscle
  • lateral pterygoid nerve: lateral pterygoid muscles
45
Q

which nerves are part of the posterior trunk of the mandibular nerve

A
  • auriculotemporal nerve
  • lingual nerve
  • inferior alveolar nerve
46
Q

what does the auriculotemporal nerve innervate

where do it’s parasympathetic fibers go

what does it communicate with

A
  1. afferent nerve that innervates the external ear and scalp
  2. parasympathetic fibers go to the parotid gland
  3. communicates with the facial nerve near the ear
47
Q

where does the lingual nerve travel

what does it communicate with

what does it innervate

how can it be damaged

where do we anesthetize it

A
  1. LINGUAL nerve travels medial to the mandibular molars and lateral to the submandibular gland
  2. communicates with submandibular ganglion
  3. provides sensation/innervates the floor of the mouth and lingual gingiva of mandibular teeth
  4. can be damaged during dental procedures due to its close proximity to the molars
  5. can be anesthetized along with the inferior alveolar injection
48
Q

INFERIOR ALVEOLAR NERVE

  1. where is the inferior alveolar nerve in comparison to the lingual nerve; where does it travel
  2. what does it innervate
A
  1. The inferior alveolar nerve is an afferent nerve that sits posterior to and parallels the lingual nerve on the medial side of the mandible. It enters the mandibular foramen and travels through the mandibular canal
  2. innervates/provides sensation to the mandibular teeth and the periodontium
49
Q

which nerve is associated with a bifid-nerve or extra mandibular foramen

A

the inferior alveolar nerve :

In some anatomical variations, the inferior alveolar nerve may split into two branches before entering the mandibular foramen, creating a bifid appearance.

And, an extra mandibular foramen may be present, which can affect the course of the nerve as it innervates the lower teeth

50
Q

what further branches does in inferior alveolar nerve split into

A
  • mylohyoid nerve (both)
  • mental nerve (afferent)
  • incisive nerve (afferent)
51
Q

where does the mental nerve exit

what does it innverate

A

the mental nerve (afferent) exits the mental foramen

provides sensation to the chin, lower lip, and labial mucosa of MANDIBULAR ANTERIOR TEETH

52
Q

what does the incisive nerve innervate

A

the incisive nerve (afferent) is a continuation of the IA nerve and provides sensation to MANDIBULAR ANTERIOR TEETH AND PREMOLARS

53
Q

is the mylohyoid nerve afferent or efferent

where does the mylohyoid nerve branch off

where does it travel

what does it innervate/supply

A
  1. both
  2. the mylohyoid nerve branches off of the inferior alveolar nerve just prior to the mandibular foramen
  3. it travels inferiorly and anteriorly in the mylohyoid groove of the mandible
  4. It supplies innervation for the mylohyoid muscle and the anterior belly of the digastric (EFFERENT). It sometimes supplies sensation to the mandibular first molar (AFFERENT)
54
Q

what are the branches of the facial nerve (

A

NERVES INSIDE SKULL
- stapedius nerve
- greater petrosal
- chorda tympani

NERVES OUTSIDE OF SKULL
- posterior auricular
- stylohyoid
- posterior digastric

MUSCLES OF FACIAL EXPRESSION
- temporal branch
- zygomatic branch
- buccal branch
- marginal mandibular branch
- cervical branch

55
Q

what are the functions of the facial nerve (CN VII)

where does it enter the skull

what branch does it FIRST give off

A
  1. afferent AND efferent
  2. enters the brain from the internal acoustic meatus within the petrous portion of the temporal bone, then travels through the facial canal
  3. small efferent branches that innervate the stapedius muscle (stapedius branches)
56
Q

what are the 2 larger branches of the facial nerve

A
  1. greater petrosal nerve
  2. chorda tympani nerve
57
Q

the greater petrosal nerve branches off of the facial nerve just before it exits the skull

describe the efferent AND afferent aspects of the greater petrosal nerve

A

EFFERENT
- efferent and parasympathetic fibers go to the pterygopalatine ganglion then join the maxillary nerve (v2) and go to the lacrimal gland, nasal cavity, and minor salivary glands of the hard and soft palate

AFFERENT
- nerve fibers for taste in the palate

58
Q

where does the chorda tympani nerve exit the skull

what does it communicate with

describe the efferent AND afferent aspects of the chorda tympani nerve

A
  1. exits skull via petrotympanic fissure and travels with the lingual nerve to the floor of the mouth
  2. communicates with submandibular ganglion
  3. EFFERENT
    - provides efferent parasympathetic fibers for the submandibular/sublingual salivary glands

AFFERENT
- provides afferent fibers for taste sensation to the body of the tongue

59
Q

once the facial nerve exits the _________ it gives off 3 EFFERENT nerves, what are they and what do they supply

A

once the facial nerve exits the STYLOMASTOID FORAMEN it gives off 3 (EFFERENT) nerves:

  • Posterior auricular nerve: innervates occipital belly of epicranial
  • stylohyoid nerve: innverates the stylohyoid muscle
  • posterior digastric nerve: innervates the posterior belly of the digastric muscle
60
Q

after dividing into the posterior auricular, stylohyoid, and posterior digastric nerves, where does the nerve go?

A

it enters the parotid gland and divides into 5 major branches supplying the muscles of facial expression

temporal, zygomatic, buccal, marginal mandibular, and cervical

61
Q

does the facial nerve innervate the parotid gland?

A

NO! it only passes through it

62
Q

what do the branches for muscles of facial expression supply

A

temporal: anterior ear, frontal belly of the epicranial, superior part of orbicularis oculi, and corrugator supercilli

zygomatic: inferior part of orbicularis oculi, zygomaticus major and minor

buccal: muscles of the upper lip, the nose, buccinator muscle, risorius, and orbicularis oris

marginal mandiublar: muscles of the lower lip and mentalis muscle

cervical: platysma

63
Q

From the brain, the facial nerve enters the skull via the __________________ and gives off two branches, the __________________ and the __________

The trunk of facial nerve exits skull through the ______________ of the temporal bone & gives off ______ nerves, the _________________, __________, and the ______________.

It continues forward passing THROUGH the ___________ gland and supplies the muscles of ___________ .

A

From the brain, the facial nerve enters the skull via the INTERNAL ACOUSTIC MEATUS and gives off two branches, the CHORDA TYMPANIC NERVE and the GREATER PETROSAL NERVE.

The trunk of the facial nerve exits the skull through the STYLOMASTOID FORAMEN of the temporal bone & gives off EFFERENT nerves, the POSTERIOR AURICULAR NERVE, STYLOHYOID NERVE, AND THE POSTERIOR DIGASTRIC NERVE.

It continues forward passing THROUGH the PAROTID gland and supplies the muscles of FACIAL EXPRESSION

64
Q

what is facial paralysis and what are the causes (5)

A
  • the loss of function to muscles of facial expression
  • Secondary to brain injury usually by way of a stroke
  • Direct injury (superficial location) or pathology to nerve
  • Can be bilateral or unilateral
  • Local anesthesia-usually due to local anesthesia deposited in the parotid is usually only transient
65
Q

what is bells palsy

what theory is associated with it

A
  • unilateral facial paralysis with no know cause, all or some of the branches may be involved, it can be a recurrent chronic problem
  • nerve inflammation of possible viral origin-treat with antivirals and or anti-inflammatories.
66
Q

parotid cancer, facial surgery, or facial laceration can cause what?

A

injury to the facial nerve resulting in unilateral facial paralysis

67
Q

what is trigeminal neuralgia, what does it affect?

what are the symptoms? (2)

treatments (3)

A
  • Idiopathic (no know cause)
  • Affects afferent nerves of maxillary or mandibular divisions of the trigeminal nerve
  • doesn’t affect ophthalmic division (possibly due to blood vascular pressure on the sensory
    root of V2 or V3).

Symptoms:
- Excruciating pain when facial trigger zones are touched causing brief spasms.
- Trigger Zones vary but can include around eyes and ala of nose -the right side more often

Treatment:
- cutting the nerve
- alcohol injection into nerve
- anticonvulsants and antidepressants

Oral anatomy and histology (15 decks)

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