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Oral anatomy and histology > test 6 > Flashcards

test 6 Flashcards

1
Q

Cell properties (5)

A
  • Smallest living unit of organization in the body
  • Each cell has a cell membrane, cytoplasm, organelles, and inclusions (can function without the aid of other cells)
  • Cells interact with one another
  • Cells with similar characteristics are grouped to form a tissue
  • Various tissues are bound together to form an organ

cell > tissue > organ

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2
Q

define exocytosis

A

Active transport of materials from a vesicle within the cell to the extracellular environment

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3
Q

define endocytosis

A

The uptake of materials from the extracellular environment into the cell

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4
Q

define phagocytosis

A

engulfing/digesting solid waste and foreign materials by the cell through enzymatic breakdown of materials

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5
Q

what are the 4 basic tissues

A

Epithelial
Nervous
Muscle
Connective

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6
Q

define regeneration

A

Natural renewal of the tissue (dead cells are removed from the new tissue and new ones take their place)

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7
Q

define turnover time

A

The time newly divided cells take to be completely replaced (Aging and disease delay or prevent this process)

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8
Q

why is it important we understand the histology of basic tissues

A

To understand the pathological process of renewal/repair/aging of tissues and what that might look like clinically

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9
Q

what are the types of epithelium

A

Simple: squamous, cuboidal, columnar, pseudostratified

Stratified: squamous (keratinized, nonkeratinized), cuboidal, transitional

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10
Q

what are the types of connective tissue

A

Solid soft: connective tissue proper, specialized tissue (adipose, fibrous, elastic, reticular)

Solid firm: cartilage

Solid rigid: bone

Fluid: blood, lymph

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11
Q

epithelium

Tissue that _____ and _______ the _______ and _____ body surfaces

Functions: (5)

_____ or _________: can be different degrees

Renewal rates: _____ for epithelial tissue. ______ and ________ occur at the same rate

A

Tissue that COVERS and LINES the INTERNAL and EXTERNAL body surfaces

Functions: protective, covering, absorption, secretion, and sensory

Keratinized or nonkeratinized: can be different degrees

Renewal rates: HIGH for epithelial tissue. Mitotic activity and shedding occur at the same rate

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12
Q

Epithelium histology

_____ grouped cells surrounded by little or no _____ or ______

Capable of _______, ________ regenerative

_______: no blood supply of its own; gets blood from __________

A

Closely grouped cells surrounded by little or no intercellular substance or tissue fluid

Capable of renewal, HIGHLY regenerative

Avascular: no blood supply of its own; gets blood from connective tissue

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13
Q

Epithelium classification

Un-stratified (SIMPLE): _____ layer

Pseudostratified: cells are _____ and seem ______ but all are attached to the _________

Stratified epithelium: _______ layers; ______ epithelium (stretches)

A

un-stratified (SIMPLE):
- Single layer
- Simple squamous/cuboidal/columnar epithelium

Pseudostratified:
- cells are closely packed and seem arranged in layers but all are attached to the basement membrane

Stratified epithelium
- Two or more layers
- transitional epithelium (stretches)

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14
Q

Pseudostratified epithelium

A

Falsely appears to have multiple layers under low power magnification

On high power magnification, one can see that cells are on the same level but the nuclei are at different levels

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15
Q

types of epithelial cells

A

squamous
Flat (ex: endothelium)

Cuboidal
Cube-shaped (equal height, equal width) (ex: salivary gland)

Columnar cells
rectangular/tall cells (ex: salivary glands)

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16
Q

how many layers are in the basement membrane

what does each layer consist of

A

2 layers: basal lamina and reticular lamina

basal lamina: lamina lucida and lamina densa

reticular lamina: collagen fibers

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17
Q

BASEMENT MEMBRANE

______ structure located between _______ and __________

__________ (Superficial layer)
_________: close to epithelium
_________: close to connective tissue

_________ (deeper layer) : Deeper portion consisting of _______ produced by the underlying _______

A

Acellular structure located between epithelium and connective tissue

Basal lamina (Superficial layer)
Lamina lucida: close to epithelium
Lamina densa: close to connective tissue

Recticular lamina
Deeper portion consisting of collagen fibers produced by the underlying connective tissue

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18
Q

connective tissue

Most _____ type of basic tissue in the body by _____

Functions: (8)

Serves as a source of _______ to the ______

Besides cells and fibers, it contains _____ and _______

_______ and ________

A

Most abundant type of basic tissue in the body by weight

Functions: support, attachment, packing, insulation, storage, transport, repair, defense

Serves as a source of nutrients to the epithelium (blood supply)

Besides cells and fibers, it contains nerves and blood vessels

Renewable and vascular

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19
Q

connective tissue histology

_____ are the most common cell type in CT
- Synthesize _______ and _______
- Depending on the degree of mineralization, collagen tissues may be ____, _______, or _____
- It also is abundant in: (5)
- Can be more _____ when _______ (repair)

Different types of ______ fibers are found in CT histology
- ______ fibers: The most common collagen protein is _____ collagen which includes ______, ______, _______
- ________ fibers: occur in a very _____ type of tissue (soft palate)
- ______ fibers: forming a _____ in the tissue (lymph nodes)

A

Fibroblasts are the most common cell type
- Synthesize (make) collagen and intercellular substance
- Depending on the degree of mineralization, collagen tissues may be rigid (bone), compliant (tendon), or have a gradient from rigid to compliant (cartilage). It also is abundant in corneas, cartilage, bones, blood vessels, and dentin in teeth
- Can be more active when stimulated (repair)

Different types of protein fibers are found in CT histology
- Collagen fibers: The most common collagen protein is type 1 collagen which includes fibroblasts, osteoblasts, and odontoblast
- Elastic fibers: occur in a very elastic type of tissue (soft palate)
- reticular fibers: forming a network in the tissue (lymph nodes)

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20
Q

loose connective tissue

The superficial layers of the _____ and ______

Serves as _______ for deeper structures

No prominent _______ elements

A

The superficial layers of the skin dermis and lamina propria (basement membrane) of the oral mucosa

Serves as protective padding for deeper structures

No prominent connective tissue elements

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21
Q

dense CT

Deep to ______

______ packed with a more ______ arrangement

Primarily ______ fibers to give it ______

A

Deep to loose connective tissue

Tightly packed with a more regular arrangement

Primarily collagen fibers to give it strength

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22
Q

CT turnover time and repair

Turnover is due to the production of _______ and _________ by ________

With injury, CT goes through __________

First immature CT, known as ________tissue, forms and eventually matures of_____ fibers increase

A

Turnover is due to the production of fibers and intercellular substance by fibroblasts

With injury, CT goes through healing stages

First immature CT known as granulation tissue forms and eventaully matures of collagen fibers increase

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23
Q

specialized CT

  1. _______ connective tissue
    Found in _____ beneath the skin and around ______
  2. ________ connective tissue
    Provides _____ (like vocal cords)
  3. _______ connective tissue
    Forms the supportive framework/network of _________
A
  1. Adipose connective tissue
    Found in fatty tissue beneath the skin and around organs and joints
  2. Elastic connective tissue
    Provides stretching (like vocal cords)
  3. Reticular connective tissue
    Forms the supportive framework/network of blood vessels and internal organs
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24
Q

cartilage (solid form)

Composed of ____ and a _____

Matrix is composed of primarily _____

what is the perichondrium

_______ : receives nutrients from the _______

_________ CT

Two types of cells (describe them)
1.
2.

Present in the ____

A

Composed of cells and a matrix

Matrix is composed of primarily collagen

Perichondrium: the CT surrounding most cartilage

Avascular: receives nutrients from the perichondrium

Nonmineralized CT

Two types of cells
1. Chondroblasts: immature, produce matrix
2. Chondrocytes: mature chondroblasts

Present in the TMJ

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25
cartilage growth patterns appositional vs interstitial growth
Appositional growth is layered growth on the outside of the tissue from the outer layer of chondroblasts within the perichondrium Interstitial growth is growth from deep within the tissue by mitosis of each chondrocyte expanding the tissue from within
26
hyaline cartilage (4)
- most common - only contains collagen fibers - found in embryonic growth centers (mandibular condyle) - allows limbs to grow
27
elastic cartilage (2)
- numerous elastic fibers (more than hyaline) - Found in external ear, auditory tube, epiglottis, and portions of the larynx
28
fibrocartilage (6)
- never found alone, always found with other types merging gradually with hyaline cartilage - Transitional type of cartilage between hyaline cartilage and dense CT of tendons and ligaments - Contains a lot of collagen fibers - Found in areas that receive a combination of compression and tension - Has great tensile strength - Found in intervertebral discs, TMJ
29
repair and aging of cartilage Unlike bone, has some _______ but there is NO _____ material Unlike most CT, it is _____: relies on surrounding tissue for _____ and _______; causes ______ to take longer Has no ______ , even when traumatized, no extreme _____ As it ages it becomes less _____: becomes more ____ and ______ with time, losing ______
Unlike bone, has some flexibility but there is NO mineralized material Unlike most CT, it is avascular: relies on surrounding tissue for nutrients and metabolites; causes repair to take longer (TMJ) Has no nerve supply, even when traumatized, no extreme pain As it ages it becomes less cellular: becomes more hard and brittle with time, losing flexibility
30
bone (solid rigid) Makes up most of the ______ manufactures/creates _____ within ________ Undergoes the most ______ of all connective tissues Storehouse for _________ and other minerals
Makes up most of the mature skeleton manufactures/creates blood cells within bone marrow Undergoes the most developmental differentiation of all connective tissues Storehouse for calcium and other minerals
31
bone anatomy: periosteum compact bone cancellous bone endosteum bone marrow
Periosteum: counterpart of bone Outer layer: has blood vessels and nerves Inner layer: has osteoblasts (bone forming cells) Compact bone: deep to the periosteum, very dense Cancellous bone: deep to compact bone, (spongy bone/trabecular bone) Endosteum: lining the cavity of bone Bone marrow: inner most part of bone, gelatinous, has B-cells, stem cells for blood and lymphocytes
32
bone histology ____ of bone is an ______ substance in a ______ formation of ________ that gives bone its hardness (same material in dental tissues: enamel, dentin, and cementum) _______ material is packed ______ bone cells Matrix is composed of ______ and _________
50% of bone is an inorganic substance in a crystalline formation of hydroxyapatite that gives bone its hardness (same material in dental tissues - varying % in enamel, dentin, and cementum) Inorganic material is packed between bone cells Matrix is composed of organic collagen fibers and intercellular substance
33
bone matrix is initially formed as ________ what are osteoblasts what are osteocytes what are cytoplasmic processes
bone matrix is initially formed as osteoid Osteoblasts: arise from fibroblasts, produce osteoid (an unmineralized organic component of bone), involved in the mineralization of bone osteocytes: fully mineralized bone trapped in a lacuna (small space containing osteocytes) cytoplasmic processes: part of osteocytes that radiate out in all directions, located in tubular canals of the matrix (canaliculi)
34
Bone matrix is formed in closely apposed sheets called ________ ________ are embedded within and between lamellae Lamellae arrangement in compact bone is called a ________
Bone matrix is formed in closely apposed sheets called lamellae osteocytes are embedded within and between lamellae Lamellae arrangement in compact bone is called a haversian system
35
what is the haversian canal what is the volkmanns canal
Haversian canal - Central vascular canal within an osteon (carries blood and nerves) - Canals communicate and carry nutrition for the bone Volkmann’s canal - Located in the outer part of the Haversian system - These nutrient canals run obliquely (at right angles) to the Haversian canals
36
bone repair and remodeling Repair of bone depends on: (3) Bone is the body is _______ being remodeled - _______ resorb bone which is located on the surface of ________ bone in _________ - Each osteoclast has a large number of _______ that discharge into the cytoplasm and break down bone Bone mass density is lost as a person ____, especially in _______ as bones lose ______ and minerals (know as _______)
Repair of bone depends on 1. Vascular supply 2. Presence of the periosteum with active osteoblasts 3. Minerals and vitamins level Bone is the body is constantly being remodeled - Osteoclasts resorb bone which is located on the surface of secondary bone in howships Lacuna - Each osteoclast has a large number of lysosomes that discharge into teh cytoplasm and break down bone Bone mass density is lost as a person ages, especially in women as bones lose calcium and minerals (know as osteoporosis)
37
blood (fluid CT) Plasma: the _________ in blood vessels that carries the _________ and _______ The fluid product (serum) is derived from plasma and contains ________ Blood cells: ______ of blood Red blood cells (_______) - _________ disc without a ________ - Function: White blood cells (_____) - Rounded cells with _____ - Function: Platelets (thrombocyte) - Cell ____ derived from a special line of blood cell - Function:
Plasma: the fluid substance in blood vessels that carries the blood cells and metabolites The fluid product (serum) is derived from plasma and contains clotting factors Blood cells: formed elements of blood Red blood cells (erythrocytes) - biconcave disc without a nucleus - Function: Bind and transport oxygen and carbon dioxide White blood cells (leukocyte) - Rounded cells with nuclei (many variations) - Function: Inflammatory response and immune response Platelets (thrombocyte) - Cell fragments derived from a special line of blood cell - Function: Clotting mechanism
38
oral mucosa Overall, the _____ of the tissue reflects the ______, in both health and disease
Overall, the clinical appearance of the tissue reflects the underlying histology, in both health and disease
39
alterations in oral mucosa (4)
Diabetes, vitamin deficiency Medications Local effects of chronic tobacco or alcohol use Trauma, inflammation, infection, and precancerous and cancerous lesions
40
regional difference in oral mucosa Specific histological features are noted in _____ of the oral cavity These are the _____ for differences observed clinically when these regions are examined Novice dental professionals must look closely at the different regions of the oral cavity and compare them with the ______
Specific histological features are noted in different regions of the oral cavity These are the basis for differences observed clinically when these regions are examined Novice dental professionals must look closely at the different regions of the oral cavity and compare them with the histological presentation
41
overview of oral mucosa Lines the ___ Composed of: (2) Gingival fiber groups of the ___ are found in the _________ of the ______
Lines the oral cavity Composed of: - oral epithelium - basement membrane overlying a connective tissue proper/ lamina propria Gingival fiber groups of the PDL are found in the lamina propria of the marginal gingiva
42
what are keratinocytes
squamous epithelial cells that produce keratin
43
keratin ______, ______, ______, _______protein that is impervious to ______ and resistant to ______ Produced during the maturation of the _______ as they migrate from the ________ to the surface of the _______ Only occurs in _______ of the oral mucosa _________ = keratinized tissue ________ = in previously keratinized tissue (EX: irritation fibroma)
Tough, fibrous, opaque, waterproof protein that is impervious to pathogenic invasion and resistant to friction Produced during the maturation of the keratinocyte epithelial cells as they migrate from the basement membrane to the surface of the keratinized tissue Only occurs in certain regions of the oral mucosa Naturally low levels = keratinized tissue Higher levels (trauma) = in previously keratinized tissue (EX: irritation fibroma)
44
lamina propria Located deep to the _________ Contains: (4) Other names: (2) Has both ______ and ________layers (located in oral cavity)
Located deep to the basement layer Contains: blood vessels, nerves, collagen, and elastic fibers Other names: connective tissue proper and dermis Has both loose connective tissue and dense connective tissue layers (located in oral cavity)
45
what are the layers of the lamina propria
1. Papillary layer - Consist of loose CT 2. Capillary plexus - In between the layers - Provides nutrition - capillaries for CT 3. Dense layer - Consisting of dense connective tissue (lots of fibers)
46
what are the 3 types of strat squamous in the oral cavity
nonkeratinzed orthokeratinized parakeratinized
47
describe the layers of nonkeratinized strat squamous
Basal layer - Undergoes mitosis and replaces lost cells Intermediate layer - Superficial to the basal layer - Cells are plump/large and contain large amounts of fluid within their cytoplasm Superficial layer - Stacked cells with outer cells flattened into squames - Squames shed and are lost as they age
48
basic features of orthokeratinized strat squamous epithelium
- Least common - Masticatory mucosa and specialized mucosa - Nucleated cells that contain keratohyalin granules - Keratin layer cells have no nuclei
49
describe the orthokeratinized epithelium layers
1. Basal - Same structure present in nonkeratinized 2. Prickle - Appear prickly/spiky/starlike - Makes up most of the orthokeratinized 3. Granular - Flat and stacked in 3-5 nucleated layers - Contain granules or spots called keratohyalin (causes cells to die) - Keratohyalin is the precursor for keratin 4. Keratin - Variable thickness - The cytoplasm is filled with keratin - Shedding when cells are no longer viable and due to new growth at deeper levels (renewal of tissue) - Naturally occurring: soles of feet, fingers, masticory mucosa (hard palate)
50
describe parakeratinized epithelium (4)
- Present in mastacory mucosa of Attached gingiva and Dorsal surface of tongue - Present in specialized mucosa of lingual papillae - Same layers as orthokeratinized but the granular layer may not be distinguishable or absent altogether - Big difference is cells in the keratin layer contain keratin and nuclei
51
what structures have LINING MUCOSA
Buccal and labial mucosa, alveolar mucosa, mucosa lining the floor of the mouth, ventral surface of the tongue and soft palate
52
characteristics of lining mucosa
Softer texture, moist, easily stretched and compressed
53
describe the layers of lining mucosa
Basal layer (stratum basal) - Deepest layer of the 3 - Single layer of cuboidal epithelial cells overlying the basement membrane - Superior to the lamina propria intermediate layer (stratum intermedium) - Superficial to the basal layer in nonkeratinized epithelium - Composed of larger, stacked, polyhedral shaped cells - Appear larger or plumper than the basal layer because they have larger amounts of fluid in their cytoplasm - Makes up the bulk of nonkeratinized epithelium Superficial layer (stratum superficiale) - Most superficial layer in nonkeratinized epithelium - Even larger, similarly stacked polyhedral cells - Outer cells flatten into squames cells - Dead cells shedding, or loss, as they age and die during turnover of the tissue
54
lining mucosa 1. ________ deep to the ________ is usually present - Overlies _____ - Histological features allow a movable base for ______, ______, ______ 2. ______ epithelium is noted in superficial layers of lining mucosa
Submucosa deep to the lamina propria is usually present Overlies muscle Histological features allow a movable base for speech, mastication, and swallowing Non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium is noted in superficial layers of lining mucosa
55
what structures are composed of masticatory mucosa
Attached gingiva, hard palate, and dorsal surface of the tongue
56
what structures are composed of specialized mucosa
Lingual papillae of the tongue (dorsal and lateral surface) Filiform, fungiform, foliate, and circumvallate
57
labial and buccal mucosa
- nonkeratinized epithelium is very thick, obscures the extensive vascular supply of the lamina propria - may contain melanin pigment - submucosa contains adipose tissue and minor salivary glands, is firmly attached to the underlying muscle and functions as one unit
58
clinical consideration of labial and buccal mucosa: Fordyce spots (3)
Variable numbers of spots scattered throughout the tissue Visible as small, yellowish elevations on the mucosa Deeper deposits of sebum from trapped/misplaced sebaceous gland tissue usually associated with hair follicles
59
clinical consideration of buccal mucosa: linea alba (4)
Hyperkeratinization commonly occurs on the usually nonkeratinized buccal mucosa when linea alba forms White ridge of calloused tissue Extends horizontally where max and mand teeth occlude Naturally occurring
60
what is another example of hyperkeratinization on the buccal mucosa
patients with bruxism habits Their tissue will undergo hyperkeratinization
61
what is snuff keratosis (7)
Snuff pouch or smokeless tobacco keratosis is Like nicotinic stomatitis No longer considered a true leukoplakia Semitranslucent appearance rather than a flat whiteness Located in areas of direct contact with snuff or chewing tobacco Almost always completely reversible when the patient quits their habit Precancerous entity More wrinkled and more intensely white keratoses are considered to be a higher grade
62
alveolar mucosa Lines the _____ ________ epithelium: thin, allows______ to show through Lamina propria: connective tissue papillae are often _____ Many elastic fibers allowing for _____ Submucosa: _______ to muscle or bone w/ minor ________ compared to buccal and labial mucosa Overlies an extensive _______ in the lamina propria > makes it ______ than labial/buccal mucosa
Lines the vestibules Nonkeratinized epithelium: thin, allows lamina propria to show through Lamina propria: connective tissue papillae are often absent Many elastic fibers allowing for mobility Submucosa: loosely attached to muscle or bone w/ minor salivary glands compared to buccal and labial mucosa Overlies an extensive vascular supply in the lamina propria > makes it redder than labial/buccal mucosa
63
ventral surface of the tongue AND floor of the mouth Nonkeratinized epithelium: _____ Lamina propria: _______ Floor of the mouth: papillae is very _____, allows for _______ Ventral tongue: numerous ______, some ______ fibers Clinical appearance: Floor of the mouth has ______ Ventral surface of tongue is _______ yet it allows some ______ along with the _______ The mucosa are both classified as _______
Nonkeratinized epithelium: very thin Lamina propria: very visible (will often see veins) Floor of the mouth: papillae is very broad, allows for mobility Ventral tongue: numerous papillae, some elastic fibers Clinical appearance - Both appear reddish pink with vascular blue areas of veins - Moist, shiny, and compressible Floor of the mouth has mobility Ventral surface of tongue is firmly attached yet it allows some stretching along with the tongue muscles The mucosa are both classified as lining mucosa
64
soft palate Nonkeratinized epithelium 1 Lamina propria 3 Submucosa 3
Nonkeratinized epithelium - thin Lamina propria - thick - numerous defined CT papillae - distinct very elastic layer for mobility during speech and mastication Submucosa - Thin, firmly attached to underlying muscle for speech and swallowing - Contains adipose tissue that gives the soft palate a yellow hue - allows mucosa and muscle to move as one unit
65
masticatory mucosa structures what type of epithelium characteristics (4) bound to submucosa what happens when it overlies bone
Attached gingiva, hard palate, and dorsal surface of tongue Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium Resilient, rubbery surface, Highly interdigitated, many rete ridges Mostly bound down to bone or muscle Submucosa is extremely thin or absent When it overlies bone, with or without a submucosa, it increases the firmness of the tissue
66
attached gingiva epithelium present lamina propria acts as ______ submucosa clinical appearance in health what type of mucosa is it
Epithelium: thick keratinized obscuring the vascular supply (pinkish appearance) Lamina propria: very distinct papillae making a strong attachment to underlying bone Acts as the periosteum > mucoperiosteum submucosa not present Stippling, Opaque pink, When dried, tissue is dull, firm, and immobile masticatory mucosa
67
what is gingiva recession what is it cause by (5)
FGM apical to the CEJ Periodontal disease, Tooth position, Abrasion, Strong frenal attachments, Aging process
68
what is gingival hyperplasia and its causes
Affects both epithelium and lamina propria Overgrowth of the interproximal gingiva Causes: Drugs for seizure control Certain antibiotics Specific heart medications
69
hard palate type of epithelia Lamina propria Submucosa posterior portion of the hard palate has?
Orthokeratinzied epithelium: thick layer Lamina propria: the medial area of the hard palate the lamina propria will serve as the mucoperiosteum to the underlying bone Submucosa: thinner than other area Only the lateral portions of the hard palate have adipose tissue posterior area of hard palate has minor salivary glands
70
clinical consideration for the hard palate: Nicotinic stomatitis (3)
Whitened by hyperkeratinization due to the heat from tobacco OR hot liquid consumption Heat also causes inflammation of the duct openings of minor salivary glands of the palatal area, they become dilated and inflamed inflammation is seen clinically in the red macules scattered on the whiter background
71
what structures contain specialized mucosa
Lingual papillae of tongue (dorsal and lateral surface)
72
what type of mucosa and epithelium is present on the dorsal surface of the tongue
Masticatory mucosa: - Orthokeratinized stratified squamous epithelium that covers the muscle tissue of the tongue - Granular layer and keratin layer (containing nuclei) Specialized mucosa: - Both orthokeratinized and parakeratinized epithelium associated with lingual papilla
73
taste buds extends from? renewal time? what are taste cells? what happens when they contact food? what type of neurons are present?
Extends from the basement membrane to the epithelial surface of lingual papilla Renewal time of 10 days Taste cells located in the central portion of the taste bud, taste cells have taste receptors in the taste pores Contact food and give off a taste sensation Sensory neurons are present and communicate with the central nervous system
74
what are the 4 fundamental taste sensations
Sweet Sour Salty Bitter
75
mean turnover time for oral tissues Hard palate: Floor of mouth: Buccal and labial mucosa: Attached gingiva: Taste buds: Junctional epithelium: Skin:
Hard palate: 24 days Floor of mouth: 20 days Buccal and labial mucosa: 14 days Attached gingiva: 10 days Taste buds: 10 days Junctional epithelium: 10 days Skin: 27 days
76
clinical observations of aging (6)
Reduction of stippling on attached gingiva Increase in Fordyce spots Increased vasosities on ventral surface of tongue Taste buds may be reduced Mouth may become drier due to medications Repair and renewal decreases
77
what is irritation fibroma (4) specialized formations treatment
Painless, localized, mass producing proliferation of dense fibrous scar tissue Results from a single traumatic episode, chronic inflammation, or infection Lesions can become more than 3 cm in size but is usually less than 1 cm Occurs at all ages and in both genders specialized forms occur during: - Under dentures/along denture edges - Inflamed gingiva Treatment - Surgical/laser removal, small change of recurrence
78
free gingival groove (2)
Slight depression separating the attached gingiva from the marginal gingiva May not always be clinically visible
79
what is the col (4)
Apical to the contact area, the interdental gingiva assumes a nonvisible concave shape between the facial and lingual surfaces, forming a gingival col Col means saddle-shaped Varies in width and depth Broader in posterior teeth; becomes narrow as you move to premolars and anterior teeth
80
two types of grafting grafting reduces gingival recession
1. Subepithelial connective tissue graft - Consists of only lamina propria CT taken from the surrounding keratinized attached gingiva/hard palate and then grafted directly to the root 2. Free gingival graft Consists of the entire surface and underlying CT (both CT and overlying epithelium)
81
what is the dentinogingival junction
- Junction between the tooth surface and gingival tissue - Together sulcular epithelium and junctional epithelium form the dentogingival junctional tissue
82
what is sulcular epithelium (crevicular) (4)
Stands away from the tooth creating a gingival sulcus Filled with gingival crevicular fluid Lines the wall of the gingival sulcus; is NOT attached to the tooth surface Close up view: nonkeratinized or rarely parakeratinzed; interface between it and the lamina propria is relatively smooth
83
what is the junctional epithelium (5)
*turnover of the junctional epithelium is 1 week, much faster than most tissues in the body, has a high mitotic rate Deeper extension of the sulcular epithelium Lines the floor of the gingival sulcus and is attached to the tooth surface by way of epithelial attachment Overlies the enamel Deep to the junctional epithelium is the connective tissue of the periodontal ligament
84
what are hemidesmosome intercellular junctions
Involves attachment of cells to an adjacent tooth (noncellular surface)
85
gingival crevicular fluid
Seeps from between epithelial cells and gets into the gingival sulcus Contains immunologic cells that act in the body's defense system - PMNs monitor for bacteria/irritants; Low in number in healthy tissue - WBS - Immunoglobulins (IgG, IgM, IgA) produced by plasma cells - Complement factors - help to initiate the immune response to plaque but can also damage the periodontal tissues
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Implant dentinogingival junction tissue
Tissue around implants always originates from epithelial cells of the oral mucosa As opposed to the junctional epithelium located around natural teeth which originates from reduced enamel epithelium (REE)
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bleeding on probing
can occur due to disruption of increased blood vessels in the capillary plexus of the lamina propria Ulceration of the JE Inflamed gingiva can bleed spontaneously from finger pressure or from probing even if the probe doesn't puncture the tissue In patients who smoke, gingival tissue rarely bleeds because of unknown factors, NOT related to dental biofilm and calculus formation

Oral anatomy and histology (15 decks)

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