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Oral anatomy and histology > test 6 > Flashcards

test 6 Flashcards

1
Q

Cell properties (5)

A
  • Smallest living unit of organization in the body
  • Each cell has a cell membrane, cytoplasm, organelles, and inclusions (can function without the aid of other cells)
  • Cells interact with one another
  • Cells with similar characteristics are grouped to form a tissue
  • Various tissues are bound together to form an organ

cell > tissue > organ

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2
Q

define exocytosis

A

Active transport of materials from a vesicle within the cell to the extracellular environment

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3
Q

define endocytosis

A

The uptake of materials from the extracellular environment into the cell

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4
Q

define phagocytosis

A

engulfing/digesting solid waste and foreign materials by the cell through enzymatic breakdown of materials

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5
Q

what are the 4 basic tissues

A

Epithelial
Nervous
Muscle
Connective

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6
Q

define regeneration

A

Natural renewal of the tissue (dead cells are removed from the new tissue and new ones take their place)

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7
Q

define turnover time

A

The time newly divided cells take to be completely replaced (Aging and disease delay or prevent this process)

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8
Q

why is it important we understand the histology of basic tissues

A

To understand the pathological process of renewal/repair/aging of tissues and what that might look like clinically

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9
Q

what are the types of epithelium

A

Simple: squamous, cuboidal, columnar, pseudostratified

Stratified: squamous (keratinized, nonkeratinized), cuboidal, transitional

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10
Q

what are the types of connective tissue

A

Solid soft: connective tissue proper, specialized tissue (adipose, fibrous, elastic, reticular)

Solid firm: cartilage

Solid rigid: bone

Fluid: blood, lymph

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11
Q

epithelium

Tissue that _____ and _______ the _______ and _____ body surfaces

Functions: (5)

_____ or _________: can be different degrees

Renewal rates: _____ for epithelial tissue. ______ and ________ occur at the same rate

A

Tissue that COVERS and LINES the INTERNAL and EXTERNAL body surfaces

Functions: protective, covering, absorption, secretion, and sensory

Keratinized or nonkeratinized: can be different degrees

Renewal rates: HIGH for epithelial tissue. Mitotic activity and shedding occur at the same rate

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12
Q

Epithelium histology

_____ grouped cells surrounded by little or no _____ or ______

Capable of _______, ________ regenerative

_______: no blood supply of its own; gets blood from __________

A

Closely grouped cells surrounded by little or no intercellular substance or tissue fluid

Capable of renewal, HIGHLY regenerative

Avascular: no blood supply of its own; gets blood from connective tissue

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13
Q

Epithelium classification

Un-stratified (SIMPLE): _____ layer

Pseudostratified: cells are _____ and seem ______ but all are attached to the _________

Stratified epithelium: _______ layers; ______ epithelium (stretches)

A

un-stratified (SIMPLE):
- Single layer
- Simple squamous/cuboidal/columnar epithelium

Pseudostratified:
- cells are closely packed and seem arranged in layers but all are attached to the basement membrane

Stratified epithelium
- Two or more layers
- transitional epithelium (stretches)

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14
Q

Pseudostratified epithelium

A

Falsely appears to have multiple layers under low power magnification

On high power magnification, one can see that cells are on the same level but the nuclei are at different levels

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15
Q

types of epithelial cells

A

squamous
Flat (ex: endothelium)

Cuboidal
Cube-shaped (equal height, equal width) (ex: salivary gland)

Columnar cells
rectangular/tall cells (ex: salivary glands)

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16
Q

how many layers are in the basement membrane

what does each layer consist of

A

2 layers: basal lamina and reticular lamina

basal lamina: lamina lucida and lamina densa

reticular lamina: collagen fibers

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17
Q

BASEMENT MEMBRANE

______ structure located between _______ and __________

__________ (Superficial layer)
_________: close to epithelium
_________: close to connective tissue

_________ (deeper layer) : Deeper portion consisting of _______ produced by the underlying _______

A

Acellular structure located between epithelium and connective tissue

Basal lamina (Superficial layer)
Lamina lucida: close to epithelium
Lamina densa: close to connective tissue

Recticular lamina
Deeper portion consisting of collagen fibers produced by the underlying connective tissue

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18
Q

connective tissue

Most _____ type of basic tissue in the body by _____

Functions: (8)

Serves as a source of _______ to the ______

Besides cells and fibers, it contains _____ and _______

_______ and ________

A

Most abundant type of basic tissue in the body by weight

Functions: support, attachment, packing, insulation, storage, transport, repair, defense

Serves as a source of nutrients to the epithelium (blood supply)

Besides cells and fibers, it contains nerves and blood vessels

Renewable and vascular

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19
Q

connective tissue histology

_____ are the most common cell type in CT
- Synthesize _______ and _______
- Depending on the degree of mineralization, collagen tissues may be ____, _______, or _____
- It also is abundant in: (5)
- Can be more _____ when _______ (repair)

Different types of ______ fibers are found in CT histology
- ______ fibers: The most common collagen protein is _____ collagen which includes ______, ______, _______
- ________ fibers: occur in a very _____ type of tissue (soft palate)
- ______ fibers: forming a _____ in the tissue (lymph nodes)

A

Fibroblasts are the most common cell type
- Synthesize (make) collagen and intercellular substance
- Depending on the degree of mineralization, collagen tissues may be rigid (bone), compliant (tendon), or have a gradient from rigid to compliant (cartilage). It also is abundant in corneas, cartilage, bones, blood vessels, and dentin in teeth
- Can be more active when stimulated (repair)

Different types of protein fibers are found in CT histology
- Collagen fibers: The most common collagen protein is type 1 collagen which includes fibroblasts, osteoblasts, and odontoblast
- Elastic fibers: occur in a very elastic type of tissue (soft palate)
- reticular fibers: forming a network in the tissue (lymph nodes)

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20
Q

loose connective tissue

The superficial layers of the _____ and ______

Serves as _______ for deeper structures

No prominent _______ elements

A

The superficial layers of the skin dermis and lamina propria (basement membrane) of the oral mucosa

Serves as protective padding for deeper structures

No prominent connective tissue elements

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21
Q

dense CT

Deep to ______

______ packed with a more ______ arrangement

Primarily ______ fibers to give it ______

A

Deep to loose connective tissue

Tightly packed with a more regular arrangement

Primarily collagen fibers to give it strength

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22
Q

CT turnover time and repair

Turnover is due to the production of _______ and _________ by ________

With injury, CT goes through __________

First immature CT, known as ________tissue, forms and eventually matures of_____ fibers increase

A

Turnover is due to the production of fibers and intercellular substance by fibroblasts

With injury, CT goes through healing stages

First immature CT known as granulation tissue forms and eventaully matures of collagen fibers increase

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23
Q

specialized CT

  1. _______ connective tissue
    Found in _____ beneath the skin and around ______
  2. ________ connective tissue
    Provides _____ (like vocal cords)
  3. _______ connective tissue
    Forms the supportive framework/network of _________
A
  1. Adipose connective tissue
    Found in fatty tissue beneath the skin and around organs and joints
  2. Elastic connective tissue
    Provides stretching (like vocal cords)
  3. Reticular connective tissue
    Forms the supportive framework/network of blood vessels and internal organs
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24
Q

cartilage (solid form)

Composed of ____ and a _____

Matrix is composed of primarily _____

what is the perichondrium

_______ : receives nutrients from the _______

_________ CT

Two types of cells (describe them)
1.
2.

Present in the ____

A

Composed of cells and a matrix

Matrix is composed of primarily collagen

Perichondrium: the CT surrounding most cartilage

Avascular: receives nutrients from the perichondrium

Nonmineralized CT

Two types of cells
1. Chondroblasts: immature, produce matrix
2. Chondrocytes: mature chondroblasts

Present in the TMJ

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25
Q

cartilage growth patterns

appositional vs interstitial growth

A

Appositional growth is layered growth on the outside of the tissue from the outer layer of chondroblasts within the perichondrium

Interstitial growth is growth from deep within the tissue by mitosis of each chondrocyte expanding the tissue from within

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26
Q

hyaline cartilage (4)

A
  • most common
  • only contains collagen fibers
  • found in embryonic growth centers (mandibular condyle)
  • allows limbs to grow
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27
Q

elastic cartilage (2)

A
  • numerous elastic fibers (more than hyaline)
  • Found in external ear, auditory tube, epiglottis, and portions of the larynx
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28
Q

fibrocartilage (6)

A
  • never found alone, always found with other types merging gradually with hyaline cartilage
  • Transitional type of cartilage between hyaline cartilage and dense CT of tendons and ligaments
  • Contains a lot of collagen fibers
  • Found in areas that receive a combination of compression and tension
  • Has great tensile strength
  • Found in intervertebral discs, TMJ
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29
Q

repair and aging of cartilage

Unlike bone, has some _______ but there is NO _____ material

Unlike most CT, it is _____: relies on surrounding tissue for _____ and _______; causes ______ to take longer

Has no ______ , even when traumatized, no extreme _____

As it ages it becomes less _____: becomes more ____ and ______ with time, losing ______

A

Unlike bone, has some flexibility but there is NO mineralized material

Unlike most CT, it is avascular: relies on surrounding tissue for nutrients and metabolites; causes repair to take longer (TMJ)

Has no nerve supply, even when traumatized, no extreme pain

As it ages it becomes less cellular: becomes more hard and brittle with time, losing flexibility

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30
Q

bone (solid rigid)

Makes up most of the ______

manufactures/creates _____ within ________

Undergoes the most ______ of all connective tissues

Storehouse for _________ and other minerals

A

Makes up most of the mature skeleton

manufactures/creates blood cells within bone marrow

Undergoes the most developmental differentiation of all connective tissues

Storehouse for calcium and other minerals

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31
Q

bone anatomy:

periosteum

compact bone

cancellous bone

endosteum

bone marrow

A

Periosteum: counterpart of bone
Outer layer: has blood vessels and nerves
Inner layer: has osteoblasts (bone forming cells)

Compact bone: deep to the periosteum, very dense

Cancellous bone: deep to compact bone, (spongy bone/trabecular bone)

Endosteum: lining the cavity of bone

Bone marrow: inner most part of bone, gelatinous, has B-cells, stem cells for blood and lymphocytes

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32
Q

bone histology

____ of bone is an ______ substance in a ______ formation of ________ that gives bone its hardness (same material in dental tissues: enamel, dentin, and cementum)

_______ material is packed ______ bone cells

Matrix is composed of ______ and _________

A

50% of bone is an inorganic substance in a crystalline formation of hydroxyapatite that gives bone its hardness (same material in dental tissues - varying % in enamel, dentin, and cementum)

Inorganic material is packed between bone cells

Matrix is composed of organic collagen fibers and intercellular substance

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33
Q

bone matrix is initially formed as ________

what are osteoblasts

what are osteocytes

what are cytoplasmic processes

A

bone matrix is initially formed as osteoid

Osteoblasts: arise from fibroblasts, produce osteoid (an unmineralized organic component of bone), involved in the mineralization of bone

osteocytes: fully mineralized bone trapped in a lacuna (small space containing osteocytes)

cytoplasmic processes: part of osteocytes that radiate out in all directions, located in tubular canals of the matrix (canaliculi)

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34
Q

Bone matrix is formed in closely apposed sheets called ________

________ are embedded within and between lamellae

Lamellae arrangement in compact bone is called a ________

A

Bone matrix is formed in closely apposed sheets called lamellae

osteocytes are embedded within and between lamellae

Lamellae arrangement in compact bone is called a haversian system

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35
Q

what is the haversian canal

what is the volkmanns canal

A

Haversian canal
- Central vascular canal within an osteon (carries blood and nerves)
- Canals communicate and carry nutrition for the bone

Volkmann’s canal
- Located in the outer part of the Haversian system
- These nutrient canals run obliquely (at right angles) to the Haversian canals

36
Q

bone repair and remodeling

Repair of bone depends on: (3)

Bone is the body is _______ being remodeled
- _______ resorb bone which is located on the surface of ________ bone in _________
- Each osteoclast has a large number of _______ that discharge into the cytoplasm and break down bone

Bone mass density is lost as a person ____, especially in _______ as bones lose ______ and minerals (know as _______)

A

Repair of bone depends on
1. Vascular supply
2. Presence of the periosteum with active osteoblasts
3. Minerals and vitamins level

Bone is the body is constantly being remodeled
- Osteoclasts resorb bone which is located on the surface of secondary bone in howships Lacuna
- Each osteoclast has a large number of lysosomes that discharge into teh cytoplasm and break down bone

Bone mass density is lost as a person ages, especially in women as bones lose calcium and minerals (know as osteoporosis)

37
Q

blood (fluid CT)

Plasma: the _________ in blood vessels that carries the _________ and _______

The fluid product (serum) is derived from plasma and contains ________

Blood cells: ______ of blood

Red blood cells (_______)
- _________ disc without a ________
- Function:

White blood cells (_____)
- Rounded cells with _____
- Function:

Platelets (thrombocyte)
- Cell ____ derived from a special line of blood cell
- Function:

A

Plasma: the fluid substance in blood vessels that carries the blood cells and metabolites

The fluid product (serum) is derived from plasma and contains clotting factors

Blood cells: formed elements of blood

Red blood cells (erythrocytes)
- biconcave disc without a nucleus
- Function: Bind and transport oxygen and carbon dioxide

White blood cells (leukocyte)
- Rounded cells with nuclei (many variations)
- Function: Inflammatory response and immune response

Platelets (thrombocyte)
- Cell fragments derived from a special line of blood cell
- Function: Clotting mechanism

38
Q

oral mucosa

Overall, the _____ of the tissue reflects the ______, in both health and disease

A

Overall, the clinical appearance of the tissue reflects the underlying histology, in both health and disease

39
Q

alterations in oral mucosa (4)

A

Diabetes, vitamin deficiency

Medications

Local effects of chronic tobacco or alcohol use

Trauma, inflammation, infection, and precancerous and cancerous lesions

40
Q

regional difference in oral mucosa

Specific histological features are noted in _____ of the oral cavity

These are the _____ for differences observed clinically when these regions are examined

Novice dental professionals must look closely at the different regions of the oral cavity and compare them with the ______

A

Specific histological features are noted in different regions of the oral cavity
These are the basis for differences observed clinically when these regions are examined
Novice dental professionals must look closely at the different regions of the oral cavity and compare them with the histological presentation

41
Q

overview of oral mucosa

Lines the ___

Composed of: (2)

Gingival fiber groups of the ___ are found in the _________ of the ______

A

Lines the oral cavity

Composed of:
- oral epithelium
- basement membrane overlying a connective tissue proper/ lamina propria

Gingival fiber groups of the PDL are found in the lamina propria of the marginal gingiva

42
Q

what are keratinocytes

A

squamous epithelial cells that produce keratin

43
Q

keratin

______, ______, ______, _______protein that is impervious to ______ and resistant to ______

Produced during the maturation of the _______ as they migrate from the ________ to the surface of the _______

Only occurs in _______ of the oral mucosa

_________ = keratinized tissue

________ = in previously keratinized tissue (EX: irritation fibroma)

A

Tough, fibrous, opaque, waterproof protein that is impervious to pathogenic invasion and resistant to friction

Produced during the maturation of the keratinocyte epithelial cells as they migrate from the basement membrane to the surface of the keratinized tissue

Only occurs in certain regions of the oral mucosa

Naturally low levels = keratinized tissue

Higher levels (trauma) = in previously keratinized tissue (EX: irritation fibroma)

44
Q

lamina propria

Located deep to the _________

Contains: (4)

Other names: (2)

Has both ______ and ________layers (located in oral cavity)

A

Located deep to the basement layer

Contains: blood vessels, nerves, collagen, and elastic fibers

Other names: connective tissue proper and dermis

Has both loose connective tissue and dense connective tissue layers (located in oral cavity)

45
Q

what are the layers of the lamina propria

A
  1. Papillary layer
    - Consist of loose CT
  2. Capillary plexus
    - In between the layers
    - Provides nutrition
    - capillaries for CT
  3. Dense layer
    - Consisting of dense connective tissue (lots of fibers)
46
Q

what are the 3 types of strat squamous in the oral cavity

A

nonkeratinzed

orthokeratinized

parakeratinized

47
Q

describe the layers of nonkeratinized strat squamous

A

Basal layer
- Undergoes mitosis and replaces lost cells

Intermediate layer
- Superficial to the basal layer
- Cells are plump/large and contain large amounts of fluid within their cytoplasm

Superficial layer
- Stacked cells with outer cells flattened into squames
- Squames shed and are lost as they age

48
Q

basic features of orthokeratinized strat squamous epithelium

A
  • Least common
  • Masticatory mucosa and specialized mucosa
  • Nucleated cells that contain keratohyalin granules
  • Keratin layer cells have no nuclei
49
Q

describe the orthokeratinized epithelium layers

A
  1. Basal
    - Same structure present in nonkeratinized
  2. Prickle
    - Appear prickly/spiky/starlike
    - Makes up most of the orthokeratinized
  3. Granular
    - Flat and stacked in 3-5 nucleated layers
    - Contain granules or spots called keratohyalin (causes cells to die)
    - Keratohyalin is the precursor for keratin
  4. Keratin
    - Variable thickness
    - The cytoplasm is filled with keratin
    - Shedding when cells are no longer viable and due to new growth at deeper levels (renewal of tissue)
    - Naturally occurring: soles of feet, fingers, masticory mucosa (hard palate)
50
Q

describe parakeratinized epithelium (4)

A
  • Present in mastacory mucosa of Attached gingiva and Dorsal surface of tongue
  • Present in specialized mucosa of lingual papillae
  • Same layers as orthokeratinized but the granular layer may not be distinguishable or absent altogether
  • Big difference is cells in the keratin layer contain keratin and nuclei
51
Q

what structures have LINING MUCOSA

A

Buccal and labial mucosa, alveolar mucosa, mucosa lining the floor of the mouth, ventral surface of the tongue and soft palate

52
Q

characteristics of lining mucosa

A

Softer texture, moist, easily stretched and compressed

53
Q

describe the layers of lining mucosa

A

Basal layer (stratum basal)
- Deepest layer of the 3
- Single layer of cuboidal epithelial cells overlying the basement membrane
- Superior to the lamina propria

intermediate layer (stratum intermedium)
- Superficial to the basal layer in nonkeratinized epithelium
- Composed of larger, stacked, polyhedral shaped cells
- Appear larger or plumper than the basal layer because they have larger amounts of fluid in their cytoplasm
- Makes up the bulk of nonkeratinized epithelium

Superficial layer (stratum superficiale)
- Most superficial layer in nonkeratinized epithelium
- Even larger, similarly stacked polyhedral cells
- Outer cells flatten into squames cells
- Dead cells shedding, or loss, as they age and die during turnover of the tissue

54
Q

lining mucosa

  1. ________ deep to the ________ is usually present
    - Overlies _____
    - Histological features allow a movable base for ______, ______, ______
  2. ______ epithelium is noted in superficial layers of lining mucosa
A

Submucosa deep to the lamina propria is usually present
Overlies muscle
Histological features allow a movable base for speech, mastication, and swallowing

Non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium is noted in superficial layers of lining mucosa

55
Q

what structures are composed of masticatory mucosa

A

Attached gingiva, hard palate, and dorsal surface of the tongue

56
Q

what structures are composed of specialized mucosa

A

Lingual papillae of the tongue (dorsal and lateral surface)

Filiform, fungiform, foliate, and circumvallate

57
Q

labial and buccal mucosa

A
  • nonkeratinized epithelium is very thick, obscures the extensive vascular supply of the lamina propria
  • may contain melanin pigment
  • submucosa contains adipose tissue and minor salivary glands, is firmly attached to the underlying muscle and functions as one unit
58
Q

clinical consideration of labial and buccal mucosa: Fordyce spots (3)

A

Variable numbers of spots scattered throughout the tissue

Visible as small, yellowish elevations on the mucosa

Deeper deposits of sebum from trapped/misplaced sebaceous gland tissue usually associated with hair follicles

59
Q

clinical consideration of buccal mucosa: linea alba (4)

A

Hyperkeratinization commonly occurs on the usually nonkeratinized buccal mucosa when linea alba forms

White ridge of calloused tissue

Extends horizontally where max and mand teeth occlude

Naturally occurring

60
Q

what is another example of hyperkeratinization on the buccal mucosa

A

patients with bruxism habits

Their tissue will undergo hyperkeratinization

61
Q

what is snuff keratosis (7)

A

Snuff pouch or smokeless tobacco keratosis is
Like nicotinic stomatitis

No longer considered a true leukoplakia

Semitranslucent appearance rather than a flat whiteness

Located in areas of direct contact with snuff or chewing tobacco

Almost always completely reversible when the patient quits their habit

Precancerous entity

More wrinkled and more intensely white keratoses are considered to be a higher grade

62
Q

alveolar mucosa

Lines the _____

________ epithelium: thin, allows______ to show through

Lamina propria: connective tissue papillae are often _____

Many elastic fibers allowing for _____

Submucosa: _______ to muscle or bone w/ minor ________ compared to buccal and labial mucosa

Overlies an extensive _______ in the lamina propria > makes it ______ than labial/buccal mucosa

A

Lines the vestibules

Nonkeratinized epithelium: thin, allows lamina propria to show through

Lamina propria: connective tissue papillae are often absent

Many elastic fibers allowing for mobility

Submucosa: loosely attached to muscle or bone w/ minor salivary glands compared to buccal and labial mucosa

Overlies an extensive vascular supply in the lamina propria > makes it redder than labial/buccal mucosa

63
Q

ventral surface of the tongue AND floor of the mouth

Nonkeratinized epithelium: _____

Lamina propria: _______

Floor of the mouth: papillae is very _____, allows for _______

Ventral tongue: numerous ______, some ______ fibers

Clinical appearance:

Floor of the mouth has ______

Ventral surface of tongue is _______ yet it allows some ______ along with the _______

The mucosa are both classified as _______

A

Nonkeratinized epithelium: very thin

Lamina propria: very visible (will often see veins)

Floor of the mouth: papillae is very broad, allows for mobility

Ventral tongue: numerous papillae, some elastic fibers

Clinical appearance
- Both appear reddish pink with vascular blue areas of veins
- Moist, shiny, and compressible

Floor of the mouth has mobility

Ventral surface of tongue is firmly attached yet it allows some stretching along with the tongue muscles

The mucosa are both classified as lining mucosa

64
Q

soft palate

Nonkeratinized epithelium
1

Lamina propria
3

Submucosa
3

A

Nonkeratinized epithelium
- thin

Lamina propria
- thick
- numerous defined CT papillae
- distinct very elastic layer for mobility during speech and mastication

Submucosa
- Thin, firmly attached to underlying muscle for speech and swallowing
- Contains adipose tissue that gives the soft palate a yellow hue
- allows mucosa and muscle to move as one unit

65
Q

masticatory mucosa

structures
what type of epithelium
characteristics (4)
bound to
submucosa
what happens when it overlies bone

A

Attached gingiva, hard palate, and dorsal surface of tongue

Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium

Resilient, rubbery surface, Highly interdigitated, many rete ridges

Mostly bound down to bone or muscle

Submucosa is extremely thin or absent

When it overlies bone, with or without a submucosa, it increases the firmness of the tissue

66
Q

attached gingiva

epithelium present
lamina propria
acts as ______
submucosa
clinical appearance in health
what type of mucosa is it

A

Epithelium: thick keratinized obscuring the vascular supply (pinkish appearance)

Lamina propria: very distinct papillae making a strong attachment to underlying bone

Acts as the periosteum > mucoperiosteum

submucosa not present

Stippling, Opaque pink, When dried, tissue is dull, firm, and immobile

masticatory mucosa

67
Q

what is gingiva recession

what is it cause by (5)

A

FGM apical to the CEJ

Periodontal disease, Tooth position, Abrasion, Strong frenal attachments, Aging process

68
Q

what is gingival hyperplasia and its causes

A

Affects both epithelium and lamina propria

Overgrowth of the interproximal gingiva

Causes:
Drugs for seizure control
Certain antibiotics
Specific heart medications

69
Q

hard palate

type of epithelia
Lamina propria
Submucosa
posterior portion of the hard palate has?

A

Orthokeratinzied epithelium: thick layer

Lamina propria: the medial area of the hard palate the lamina propria will serve as the mucoperiosteum to the underlying bone

Submucosa: thinner than other area
Only the lateral portions of the hard palate have adipose tissue

posterior area of hard palate has minor salivary glands

70
Q

clinical consideration for the hard palate: Nicotinic stomatitis (3)

A

Whitened by hyperkeratinization due to the heat from tobacco OR hot liquid consumption

Heat also causes inflammation of the duct openings of minor salivary glands of the palatal area, they become dilated and inflamed

inflammation is seen clinically in the red macules scattered on the whiter background

71
Q

what structures contain specialized mucosa

A

Lingual papillae of tongue (dorsal and lateral surface)

72
Q

what type of mucosa and epithelium is present on the dorsal surface of the tongue

A

Masticatory mucosa:
- Orthokeratinized stratified squamous epithelium that covers the muscle tissue of the tongue
- Granular layer and keratin layer (containing nuclei)

Specialized mucosa:
- Both orthokeratinized and parakeratinized epithelium associated with lingual papilla

73
Q

taste buds

extends from?
renewal time?
what are taste cells?
what happens when they contact food?
what type of neurons are present?

A

Extends from the basement membrane to the epithelial surface of lingual papilla

Renewal time of 10 days

Taste cells located in the central portion of the taste bud, taste cells have taste receptors in the taste pores

Contact food and give off a taste sensation

Sensory neurons are present and communicate with the central nervous system

74
Q

what are the 4 fundamental taste sensations

A

Sweet
Sour
Salty
Bitter

75
Q

mean turnover time for oral tissues

Hard palate:
Floor of mouth:
Buccal and labial mucosa:
Attached gingiva:
Taste buds:
Junctional epithelium:
Skin:

A

Hard palate: 24 days
Floor of mouth: 20 days
Buccal and labial mucosa: 14 days
Attached gingiva: 10 days
Taste buds: 10 days
Junctional epithelium: 10 days
Skin: 27 days

76
Q

clinical observations of aging (6)

A

Reduction of stippling on attached gingiva

Increase in Fordyce spots

Increased vasosities on ventral surface of tongue

Taste buds may be reduced

Mouth may become drier due to medications

Repair and renewal decreases

77
Q

what is irritation fibroma (4)

specialized formations

treatment

A

Painless, localized, mass producing proliferation of dense fibrous scar tissue

Results from a single traumatic episode, chronic inflammation, or infection

Lesions can become more than 3 cm in size but is usually less than 1 cm

Occurs at all ages and in both genders

specialized forms occur during:
- Under dentures/along denture edges
- Inflamed gingiva

Treatment
- Surgical/laser removal, small change of recurrence

78
Q

free gingival groove (2)

A

Slight depression separating the attached gingiva from the marginal gingiva

May not always be clinically visible

79
Q

what is the col (4)

A

Apical to the contact area, the interdental gingiva assumes a nonvisible concave shape between the facial and lingual surfaces, forming a gingival col

Col means saddle-shaped

Varies in width and depth

Broader in posterior teeth; becomes narrow as you move to premolars and anterior teeth

80
Q

two types of grafting
grafting reduces gingival recession

A
  1. Subepithelial connective tissue graft
    - Consists of only lamina propria CT taken from the surrounding keratinized attached gingiva/hard palate and then grafted directly to the root
  2. Free gingival graft
    Consists of the entire surface and underlying CT (both CT and overlying epithelium)
81
Q

what is the dentinogingival junction

A
  • Junction between the tooth surface and gingival tissue
  • Together sulcular epithelium and junctional epithelium form the dentogingival junctional tissue
82
Q

what is sulcular epithelium (crevicular)
(4)

A

Stands away from the tooth creating a gingival sulcus

Filled with gingival crevicular fluid

Lines the wall of the gingival sulcus; is NOT attached to the tooth surface

Close up view: nonkeratinized or rarely parakeratinzed; interface between it and the lamina propria is relatively smooth

83
Q

what is the junctional epithelium (5)

A

*turnover of the junctional epithelium is 1 week, much faster than most tissues in the body, has a high mitotic rate

Deeper extension of the sulcular epithelium

Lines the floor of the gingival sulcus and is attached to the tooth surface by way of epithelial attachment

Overlies the enamel

Deep to the junctional epithelium is the connective tissue of the periodontal ligament

84
Q

what are hemidesmosome intercellular junctions

A

Involves attachment of cells to an adjacent tooth (noncellular surface)

85
Q

gingival crevicular fluid

A

Seeps from between epithelial cells and gets into the gingival sulcus

Contains immunologic cells that act in the body’s defense system
- PMNs monitor for bacteria/irritants; Low in number in healthy tissue
- WBS
- Immunoglobulins (IgG, IgM, IgA) produced by plasma cells
- Complement factors - help to initiate the immune response to plaque but can also damage the periodontal tissues

86
Q

Implant dentinogingival junction tissue

A

Tissue around implants always originates from epithelial cells of the oral mucosa

As opposed to the junctional epithelium located around natural teeth which originates from reduced enamel epithelium (REE)

87
Q

bleeding on probing

A

can occur due to disruption of increased blood vessels in the capillary plexus of the lamina propria

Ulceration of the JE

Inflamed gingiva can bleed spontaneously from finger pressure or from probing even if the probe doesn’t puncture the tissue

In patients who smoke, gingival tissue rarely bleeds because of unknown factors, NOT related to dental biofilm and calculus formation

Oral anatomy and histology (15 decks)

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