test 6 (chap 17,19)

Question 1

what does the urinary system do

Answer 1

• removes waste products
• maintains normal concentration of water/electrolytes
• helps control blood pressure
• helps control red blood cell production

Question 2

parts of the urinary system

Answer 2

• kidney
• ureters
• bladder
• urethra

Question 3

where are the kidneys located

Answer 3

• both sides of the vertebral column
• left kidney is slightly superior

Question 4

regions of the kidney

Answer 4

• renal medulla = inner portion
• renal cortex = outer portion

Question 5

what are the nephrons

Answer 5

• kidneys functional units

Question 6

function of nephrons

Answer 6

• regulate extracellular fluid
• removes waste from blood and forms urine
• secrete hormone erythropoietin
• activates vitamin D
• helps regulate blood volume/pressure by secreting renin

Question 7

blood flow through the kidneys

Answer 7

1. renal artery
   - branches off aorta
   - carries large amount of blood
   - arterioles lead to nephrons
2. renal vein
   - joins inferior vena cava
   - carries blood through abdomen
   - blood without waste/excess water leave kidney here
3. nephrons
   - contains capillaries that carry blood through the nephron
   - components of nephrons filter fluid
   - then send urine into the ureter

Question 8

urine composition

Answer 8

• 95% water
• uric acid = by product of nucleic acids and organic bases
• urea = by product of amino acids
• amino acids
• electrolytes

Question 9

how much urine is produced each day

Answer 9

about .6-2.5 liters each day

Question 10

ureters

Answer 10

• tube that runs from kidney to urinary bladder
• consists of 3 layers of tissue (includes smooth muscle)
• a fold in the mucous layer acts as a valve to prevent backflow

Question 11

urinary bladder

Answer 11

• hollow, muscular organ
• stores urine
• forces urine into urethra

Question 12

what is micturition

Answer 12

• act of urination
• detrusor muscle contracts
• when bladder fills it stretches the bladder and the micturition reflex

Question 13

urethra

Answer 13

• tube that transports urine out of the body
• contain mucous glands that secrete mucous into urine

Question 14

different functions of the kidneys

Answer 14

• removes waste products and drugs from body
• balance body fluids
• release hormones that regulate blood pressure
• produce active form of vitamin D (promotes strong/healthy bones)
• control production of red blood cells
• BUN
• creatinine
• urine test
• blood pressure

Question 15

risk factors for kidney disease

Answer 15

• high blood pressure
• diabetes
• over 60 years old
• African American, Hispanic, Asian, American Indian
• genetic disposition

Question 16

male reproductive organs

Answer 16

• testes
• epididymis
• prostate gland
• scrotum
• penis

Question 17

testes

Answer 17

• produce semen
• secrete male sex hormones

Question 18

epididymis

Answer 18

• tube that extends from the testes to the urethra gland
• becomes the ductus deferens

Question 19

prostate gland

Answer 19

• surrounds proximal urethra
• secretes milky, alkaline fluid to neutralize sperm

Question 20

scrotum

Answer 20

• 2 chambers
• encloses testes
• regulates temperature of testes

Question 21

penis

Answer 21

• conveys urine and semen
• sensitive nerve endings

Question 22

male sex hormones

Answer 22

• androgens
• testosterone
• puberty is when hormones rapidly produce at 13-15

Question 23

effects of testosterone

Answer 23

• enlargement of testes
• increased body hair
• enlarged larynx and vocal cords
• thickening of skin
• muscular growth
• bone growth

Question 24

female reproductive organs

Answer 24

• ovary
• uterine tubes (fallopian tubes)
• uterus
• vagina
• clitoris

Question 25

ovary

Answer 25

• produces eggs
• secrete female hormones

Question 26

uterine tubes

Answer 26

• carries eggs to uterus
• produce mucus

Question 27

uterus

Answer 27

• hollow, muscular organ
• size can change drastically - 500 times during pregnancy

Question 28

vagina

Answer 28

• conveys uterine secretions
• birth canal

Question 29

clitoris

Answer 29

• highly sensitive
• produce pleasure

Question 30

female sex hormones

Answer 30

• estrogen
• progesterone

Question 31

what does estrogen do the body

Answer 31

• stimulate enlargment of vagina, uterus, ovaries, uterine tubes
• breast development and mammary glands
• increased adipose tissue (fat)
• increased vascularization of skin

Question 32

what does progesterone do to the body

Answer 32

• promotes changes during menstrual cycle
• affects mammary glands in the breasts

Question 33

female pelvis

Answer 33

• is wider/shallower
• bony structure tends to be thinner/smaller
• sacrum is shorter/wider
• for child birth

Question 34

urinary tract infection (UTI)

Answer 34

• occurs most in females and elderly people

Question 35

chronic pelvic inflammatory disease

Answer 35

• early sexual activity
• multiple sexual partners
• can lead to other health problems

Question 36

urinary incontinence

Answer 36

• urine leakage
• support structure
• factors

Question 37

testicular cancer

Answer 37

• usually in younger people
• nodules can be palpated

Question 38

prostate cancer

Answer 38

• 2nd leading cause of cancer death among 50 and up
• long term prognosis
• lead to erectile dysfunction = occurs in older men, usually circulatory