test 5 (chap 15, 18,20) Flashcards
layers of the alimentary canal
- mucous membrane
- submucosa
- muscular layer
- serous layer
mucous membrane
- made of epithelium and connective tissue
- contains glands that secrete mucus and digestive enzymes
serous layer
- secretes serous fluid on outside that lubricates
- protection
types of salivary glands and function
- serous = watery salivary amylase which is a digestive enzyme that breaks down carbs
- mucus = binds and lubricates food for swallowing
peristalsis
waves of muscular contraction along the alimentary canal that propels food and nutrients along
segmentation
contraction of smooth muscle that aid in mixing movements in stomach
macronutrients
carbohydrates, fat, protein
where does digestion begin
the mouth with the salivary glands, which starts digestion of carbohydrates
what occurs in the mouth
mastication - the mechanical breakdown of food into smaller particles and mixing with saliva (chewing)
what are the lips and tongue for in eating
- lips = determining temperature and texture of food
- tongue = moves food; taste; made of mostly skeletal muscle
what occurs in the esophagus
- connects to stomach
- peristalsis continues here
- lower esophageal sphincter = prevents food from regurgitating/acid reflux
what occurs in the stomach
- food mixes with gastric juice
- protein digestion begins here
- some absorption - liquids, salts, alcohol
- solids stay here longer
what occurs in the small intestines
- most important part of absorption
- food from stomach dropped into first part called the duodenum
- receives secretions from the pancreas and liver
what are the 3 parts of the small intestines
- duodenum = where stomach attaches to small intestines and where bile and pancreatic enzymes are dumped
- jejunum
- ileum
what occurs in the pancreas
- secretes pancreatic juice for digestion
- connects to the duodenum
what occurs in the liver
- filters blood
- stores glycogen, iron, and vitamins
- metabolizes carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins
- secretes bile that dumps into gallbladder
what occurs in the large intestines
- large intestines (cecum) connects to small intestines (ileum)
- mostly for removing waste/material not digested or absorbed (shit)
what is the recommended caloric intake for females ages 19/20
2,000 calories if sedentary
2,200 if moderately active
2,400 if very active
what is the recommended caloric intake for males ages 19/20
2,600 calories if sedentary
2,800 if moderately active
3,000 if very active
things to avoid in your diet
excessive …
- sugar
- caffeine
- sweeteners
- saturated fat
- alcohol
- processed food
- trans fat
some factors in poor eating
- stress
- eating too much
- too fast
- too late
- allowing hunger to drive food intake
- associating food with social events
- “getting you moneys worth”
stats on reducing cardiovascular disease
vegetables and fruits
- 5 servings/day reduce by 20%
- 8 servings/day reduce by 30%
- lowers blood pressure by 11 systolic and 6 diastolic
- reduces diabetes
homeostasis regarding water and electrolyte balance
the body regularly goes through the process of replacing lost water and electrolytes and excretion of water and electrolytes
intracellular fluid compartments
- fluid within cells
- high concentration of potassium, magnesium, and phosphate
extracellular fluid compartments
- fluid outside of cells
- high concentration of sodium, chloride, and bicarbonate
how much water intake in a day and where from
- 2,500 ml/day
- 60% from water/drinks
- 30% from food
- 10% from oxidative metabolism
where is water output
- urine 60%
- skin evaporation and breathing 28%
- crap 6%
- sweat 6%
electrolyte intake is primarily from …
food intake
dehydration
- when water output exceeds water input
- occurs from sweating, water deprivation, vomiting, shitting
infants and elderly concerning water
- babies are less able to conserve water
- elderly have a less sensitive thirst mechanism
prenatal
fertilization to birth
fertilization
union of sperm and egg
zygote
fertilized cell
embryo
offspring from weeks 2-8
fetus
offspring from week 8 till birth
neonatal
birth to 4 weeks
infant
4 weeks to 1 year
childhood
1 year to puberty
adolescence
puberty to adult
brain development
- matures at 25 years old
- nutrition, movement, sleep, and stress play a role in learning
US life expectancy
79 years old
leading cause of death in the US
heart disease
appendicitis
- appendix becomes inflamed
- bacterial infection
- right lower quadrant pain
gerd
- gastroesophageal? reflux disease
- decreases muscle tone of lower esophageal sphincter
- symptoms: heart burn, gas, upper abdominal pain, bronchospasm, and asthma
