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anatomy and physiology - AH 241 > test 5 (chap 15, 18,20) > Flashcards

test 5 (chap 15, 18,20) Flashcards

1
Q

layers of the alimentary canal

A
  • mucous membrane
  • submucosa
  • muscular layer
  • serous layer
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2
Q

mucous membrane

A
  • made of epithelium and connective tissue
  • contains glands that secrete mucus and digestive enzymes
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3
Q

serous layer

A
  • secretes serous fluid on outside that lubricates
  • protection
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4
Q

types of salivary glands and function

A
  • serous = watery salivary amylase which is a digestive enzyme that breaks down carbs
  • mucus = binds and lubricates food for swallowing
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5
Q

peristalsis

A

waves of muscular contraction along the alimentary canal that propels food and nutrients along

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6
Q

segmentation

A

contraction of smooth muscle that aid in mixing movements in stomach

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7
Q

macronutrients

A

carbohydrates, fat, protein

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8
Q

where does digestion begin

A

the mouth with the salivary glands, which starts digestion of carbohydrates

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9
Q

what occurs in the mouth

A

mastication - the mechanical breakdown of food into smaller particles and mixing with saliva (chewing)

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10
Q

what are the lips and tongue for in eating

A
  • lips = determining temperature and texture of food
  • tongue = moves food; taste; made of mostly skeletal muscle
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11
Q

what occurs in the esophagus

A
  • connects to stomach
  • peristalsis continues here
  • lower esophageal sphincter = prevents food from regurgitating/acid reflux
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12
Q

what occurs in the stomach

A
  • food mixes with gastric juice
  • protein digestion begins here
  • some absorption - liquids, salts, alcohol
  • solids stay here longer
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13
Q

what occurs in the small intestines

A
  • most important part of absorption
  • food from stomach dropped into first part called the duodenum
  • receives secretions from the pancreas and liver
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14
Q

what are the 3 parts of the small intestines

A
  1. duodenum = where stomach attaches to small intestines and where bile and pancreatic enzymes are dumped
  2. jejunum
  3. ileum
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15
Q

what occurs in the pancreas

A
  • secretes pancreatic juice for digestion
  • connects to the duodenum
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16
Q

what occurs in the liver

A
  • filters blood
  • stores glycogen, iron, and vitamins
  • metabolizes carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins
  • secretes bile that dumps into gallbladder
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17
Q

what occurs in the large intestines

A
  • large intestines (cecum) connects to small intestines (ileum)
  • mostly for removing waste/material not digested or absorbed (shit)
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18
Q

what is the recommended caloric intake for females ages 19/20

A

2,000 calories if sedentary
2,200 if moderately active
2,400 if very active

19
Q

what is the recommended caloric intake for males ages 19/20

A

2,600 calories if sedentary
2,800 if moderately active
3,000 if very active

20
Q

things to avoid in your diet

A

excessive …
- sugar
- caffeine
- sweeteners
- saturated fat
- alcohol
- processed food
- trans fat

21
Q

some factors in poor eating

A
  • stress
  • eating too much
  • too fast
  • too late
  • allowing hunger to drive food intake
  • associating food with social events
  • “getting you moneys worth”
22
Q

stats on reducing cardiovascular disease

A

vegetables and fruits
- 5 servings/day reduce by 20%
- 8 servings/day reduce by 30%
- lowers blood pressure by 11 systolic and 6 diastolic
- reduces diabetes

23
Q

homeostasis regarding water and electrolyte balance

A

the body regularly goes through the process of replacing lost water and electrolytes and excretion of water and electrolytes

24
Q

intracellular fluid compartments

A
  • fluid within cells
  • high concentration of potassium, magnesium, and phosphate
25
Q

extracellular fluid compartments

A
  • fluid outside of cells
  • high concentration of sodium, chloride, and bicarbonate
26
Q

how much water intake in a day and where from

A
  • 2,500 ml/day
  • 60% from water/drinks
  • 30% from food
  • 10% from oxidative metabolism
27
Q

where is water output

A
  • urine 60%
  • skin evaporation and breathing 28%
  • crap 6%
  • sweat 6%
28
Q

electrolyte intake is primarily from …

A

food intake

29
Q

dehydration

A
  • when water output exceeds water input
  • occurs from sweating, water deprivation, vomiting, shitting
30
Q

infants and elderly concerning water

A
  • babies are less able to conserve water
  • elderly have a less sensitive thirst mechanism
31
Q

prenatal

A

fertilization to birth

32
Q

fertilization

A

union of sperm and egg

33
Q

zygote

A

fertilized cell

34
Q

embryo

A

offspring from weeks 2-8

35
Q

fetus

A

offspring from week 8 till birth

36
Q

neonatal

A

birth to 4 weeks

37
Q

infant

A

4 weeks to 1 year

38
Q

childhood

A

1 year to puberty

39
Q

adolescence

A

puberty to adult

40
Q

brain development

A
  • matures at 25 years old
  • nutrition, movement, sleep, and stress play a role in learning
41
Q

US life expectancy

A

79 years old

42
Q

leading cause of death in the US

A

heart disease

43
Q

appendicitis

A
  • appendix becomes inflamed
  • bacterial infection
  • right lower quadrant pain
44
Q

gerd

A
  • gastroesophageal? reflux disease
  • decreases muscle tone of lower esophageal sphincter
  • symptoms: heart burn, gas, upper abdominal pain, bronchospasm, and asthma

anatomy and physiology - AH 241 (7 decks)

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