Test 3 (chap 9-11) Flashcards
Neurotransmitter
biochemical that stimulates a neuron or effector
Olfactory nerve (I)
nose
Optical nerve (II)
eyes
Trigeminal nerve (V)
sensations in your face
Facial motor (VII)
facial muscles
Vagus nerve/motor (X)
heart, lungs, digestive tract
location of nerves in the teeth
the root
Synaptic knob
distal end of an axon
Synaptic cleft
gap between neurons at synapse
Synaptic vesicles
contain neurotransmitters
Motor Neurons
- Carry information from CNS to effectors
- Muscle contraction or glandular response
Sensory Neurons
- Carry information to the CNS,
- Pain, heat, cold, touch, etc
3 Layers of the meninges
Layered membrane between the skull and brain,
- Dura mater
- Arachnoid mater
- Pia mater
Subarachnoid space
Contains cerebrospinal fluid
Ascending tracts vs descending tracts
- Ascending - carry sensory impulse to CNS (central nervous system
- Descending - carry motor impulses to effectors
Ventral Root vs Dorsal Root
- Dorsal root - sensory; posterior
- Ventral root - motor; anterior
Frontal Lobe Function
voluntary movement, expressive language and for managing higher level executive functions
Cerebrospinal Fluid Function
protects and supports the brain and spinal cord. It also provides a pathway to the blood for waste removal
Right Brain vs Left Brain
left brain can be seen as more analytical and statistical while right side can be seen as more creative and involved in arts
Cerebrum
- 2 Hemispheres (right and left)
- Function - Higher learning, ability to reason, separates us from animals, Largest part
- Corpus Callosum - Connects hemispheres, Bundle of axons
- Ventricle - Contain cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), CSF also runs into the spinal cord
Diencephalon
Located between the hemispheres
Thalamus
Receives all sensory input (except smell), and Channels information to appropriate area
Hypothalamus
Regulates heart rate, blood pressure, body temperature, electrolyte balance, hunger, glandular secretions, sleep, and produce substances that stimulate the pituitary gland
Limbic system (hippocampus and amygdala)
Controls emotional response
Reticular Formation
Scattered throughout the midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata, Controls sleep and wake cycles, Increase activity keeps us awake, and Anything that injures or inhibits this structure causes a comatose state
Cerebellum Function
Coordinates voluntary muscle movement, balance
Sensory receptors
A specialized structure associated with sensory neurons that detect specific sensations
5 types of receptors
Chemoreceptors, Pain receptors, Thermoreceptors, Mechanoreceptors, Photoreceptors
Perception
the sensation is interpreted by the brain
Adaption
nervous systems becomes less responsive to a constant stimulus
Sensation
sensory receptors reach threshold and elicit an action potential that cause the brain to be aware of the event
3 types of touch/pressure receptors
1.free nerve endings = itch, 2.tactile corpuscles = sensitive areas/touch, 3.lamallated corpuscles = heavy pressure
Temperature receptors
free nerve endings, warm and cold receptors, pain occurs when outside of temp ranges
Pain receptors
Free nerve endings, Skin and internal tissue, Warning signal
Referred pain
may cause pain in a location different than the actual source
Pain fibers (acute)
sharp pain, starts and ends rapidly
Pain fibers (chronic)
Dull pain, Slow impulses
Smell
Located in the olfactory organs in the nasal cavity, Hair-like cilia contain receptors
Taste
Taste buds are the organs of taste, but also in the roof of the mouth and throat, Primary Taste Sensations = 1. Sweet 2. Sour 3. Salty 4. Bitter 5. Umami (delicious)
Hearing
Outer ear parts = Auricle - collects sound waves, External auditory meatus - directs sound waves toward eardrum, Eardrum - reproduces vibrations. Middle ear = Auditory ossicles - 3 bones (malleus, incus, stapes), Auditory tube - connects the middle ear to the back of the nasal cavity. Inner ear = Labyrinth - Cochlea - hearing, Semicircular canals - equilibrium
Equilibrium
balance, 2 types = static - when not moving and dynamic - when moving
Sight
Outer = Cornea, Sclera, and Optic nerve. Middle layer = Choroid coat, Lens, Iris. Inner layer = Retina, Fovea centralis, Photoreceptors
Hormones
substances secreted by glands that diffuse into the bloodstream then act on target cells
Target Cells
Cells with specific receptors that hormones affect
Paracrine Secretions
“local hormones” that affect only neighboring cells
Autocrine Secretions
Affect only the secreting cell itself
Steroids
Insoluble in water, Carried in the bloodstream, Released easily out of the bloodstream, Can enter any cell, Soluble in lipids
Non Steroid
Bind to receptors in cell membranes, Signal transduction - chemical communication from outside to inside the cell
Hormonal control
3 mechanisms of hormone control = 1.Hypothalamus, 2.Nervous system, 3.Other glands
Negative feedback
a mechanism that restores biochemical levels by detecting concentration of the biochemical
Pituitary gland
Located at the base of the brain, Anterior and posterior lobes, releases different hormones
Growth hormone
Stimulates cells to grow and divide quicker, Enhances the movement of amino acids, GH increases with low blood sugar and protein deficiency
Prolactin hormone
Stimulates and sustains milk production in women, Not much is known about effects in males - possible sperm count, Elevated levels cause sexual dysfunction
Thyroid stimulating hormone
Control thyroid gland secretion
Follicle stimulating hormone
Females - stimulates estrogen production; develops follicles for eggs, Males - stimulates production of sperm cells
Luteinizing hormone
Promotes secretion of sex hormones, Females - egg release stimulation
Antidiuretic hormone
Decreases urine production, Water conservation in the kidneys
Thyroid Gland
Anterior to the trachea, has Thyroxine - regulate metabolism, and Calcium regulation - by Calcitonin
Parathyroid Gland
Calcium regulation
Adrenal Gland
associated with the kidneys, produces different Steroids, Boosts energy and prepares for activity
Epinephrine
increases heart rate, blood flow, blood pressure, metabolism, and alertness
Cortisol
Increase fatty acid release, decreases protein synthesis, and increases blood sugar, “Stress hormone”
Pancreas
secretes Insulin and Glucagon (related to blood sugar maintenance)
Pineal gland
secretes Melatonin which effects Sleep and wake cycles
Reproductive Organs
Testes (males) - produce testosterone, Ovaries (females) - produce estrogen and progesterone
locate the pituitary gland
base of the brain (small)
locate the pineal gland
midline of the brain
locate the thyroid gland
base of the neck
locate the adrenal gland
top of both kidneys
locate the ovaries
both sides of the uterus
locate the testes
under penis (balls)
3 steps of memory
encoding, storage, and retrieval
Short term memory
The stuff we encode from the sensory goes to short term memory, Events are encoded visually, acoustically, or semantically, Holds about 7 (plus or minus 2) items for about 20 seconds
Long term memory
Unlimited storehouse of information, Explicit (declarative) memories, Implicit (non-declarative) memories
Encoding
Starts with perception, Emotion and personal experience make the memory better to remember, Hippocampus - analyzes events and sends info to long term memory and allows growth of new neurons
Retrieval
Pathways are strengthened the more the events recalled and information used, Items we spend more time with or have more urgency are remembered better
layers of the meninges: Dura mater
Outer layer, Fibrous connective tissue, Surrounds brain and spinal cord
layers of the meninges: Arachnoid mater
Thin middle layer, No blood vessels
layers of the meninges: Pia mater
Very thin, Fits snug to brain and spinal cord
in the eyes rods…
see black and white, not as much
in the eyes cones…
see all the colors, better
