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anatomy and physiology - AH 241 > Test 3 (chap 9-11) > Flashcards

Test 3 (chap 9-11) Flashcards

1
Q

Neurotransmitter

A

biochemical that stimulates a neuron or effector

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2
Q

Olfactory nerve (I)

A

nose

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3
Q

Optical nerve (II)

A

eyes

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4
Q

Trigeminal nerve (V)

A

sensations in your face

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5
Q

Facial motor (VII)

A

facial muscles

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6
Q

Vagus nerve/motor (X)

A

heart, lungs, digestive tract

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7
Q

location of nerves in the teeth

A

the root

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8
Q

Synaptic knob

A

distal end of an axon

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9
Q

Synaptic cleft

A

gap between neurons at synapse

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10
Q

Synaptic vesicles

A

contain neurotransmitters

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11
Q

Motor Neurons

A
  • Carry information from CNS to effectors
  • Muscle contraction or glandular response
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12
Q

Sensory Neurons

A
  • Carry information to the CNS,
  • Pain, heat, cold, touch, etc
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13
Q

3 Layers of the meninges

A

Layered membrane between the skull and brain,
- Dura mater
- Arachnoid mater
- Pia mater

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14
Q

Subarachnoid space

A

Contains cerebrospinal fluid

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15
Q

Ascending tracts vs descending tracts

A
  • Ascending - carry sensory impulse to CNS (central nervous system
  • Descending - carry motor impulses to effectors
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16
Q

Ventral Root vs Dorsal Root

A
  • Dorsal root - sensory; posterior
  • Ventral root - motor; anterior
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17
Q

Frontal Lobe Function

A

voluntary movement, expressive language and for managing higher level executive functions

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18
Q

Cerebrospinal Fluid Function

A

protects and supports the brain and spinal cord. It also provides a pathway to the blood for waste removal

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19
Q

Right Brain vs Left Brain

A

left brain can be seen as more analytical and statistical while right side can be seen as more creative and involved in arts

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20
Q

Cerebrum

A
  • 2 Hemispheres (right and left)
  • Function - Higher learning, ability to reason, separates us from animals, Largest part
  • Corpus Callosum - Connects hemispheres, Bundle of axons
  • Ventricle - Contain cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), CSF also runs into the spinal cord
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21
Q

Diencephalon

A

Located between the hemispheres

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22
Q

Thalamus

A

Receives all sensory input (except smell), and Channels information to appropriate area

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23
Q

Hypothalamus

A

Regulates heart rate, blood pressure, body temperature, electrolyte balance, hunger, glandular secretions, sleep, and produce substances that stimulate the pituitary gland

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24
Q

Limbic system (hippocampus and amygdala)

A

Controls emotional response

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25
Q

Reticular Formation

A

Scattered throughout the midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata, Controls sleep and wake cycles, Increase activity keeps us awake, and Anything that injures or inhibits this structure causes a comatose state

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26
Q

Cerebellum Function

A

Coordinates voluntary muscle movement, balance

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27
Q

Sensory receptors

A

A specialized structure associated with sensory neurons that detect specific sensations

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28
Q

5 types of receptors

A

Chemoreceptors, Pain receptors, Thermoreceptors, Mechanoreceptors, Photoreceptors

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29
Q

Perception

A

the sensation is interpreted by the brain

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30
Q

Adaption

A

nervous systems becomes less responsive to a constant stimulus

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31
Q

Sensation

A

sensory receptors reach threshold and elicit an action potential that cause the brain to be aware of the event

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32
Q

3 types of touch/pressure receptors

A

1.free nerve endings = itch, 2.tactile corpuscles = sensitive areas/touch, 3.lamallated corpuscles = heavy pressure

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33
Q

Temperature receptors

A

free nerve endings, warm and cold receptors, pain occurs when outside of temp ranges

34
Q

Pain receptors

A

Free nerve endings, Skin and internal tissue, Warning signal

35
Q

Referred pain

A

may cause pain in a location different than the actual source

36
Q

Pain fibers (acute)

A

sharp pain, starts and ends rapidly

37
Q

Pain fibers (chronic)

A

Dull pain, Slow impulses

38
Q

Smell

A

Located in the olfactory organs in the nasal cavity, Hair-like cilia contain receptors

39
Q

Taste

A

Taste buds are the organs of taste, but also in the roof of the mouth and throat, Primary Taste Sensations = 1. Sweet 2. Sour 3. Salty 4. Bitter 5. Umami (delicious)

40
Q

Hearing

A

Outer ear parts = Auricle - collects sound waves, External auditory meatus - directs sound waves toward eardrum, Eardrum - reproduces vibrations. Middle ear = Auditory ossicles - 3 bones (malleus, incus, stapes), Auditory tube - connects the middle ear to the back of the nasal cavity. Inner ear = Labyrinth - Cochlea - hearing, Semicircular canals - equilibrium

41
Q

Equilibrium

A

balance, 2 types = static - when not moving and dynamic - when moving

42
Q

Sight

A

Outer = Cornea, Sclera, and Optic nerve. Middle layer = Choroid coat, Lens, Iris. Inner layer = Retina, Fovea centralis, Photoreceptors

43
Q

Hormones

A

substances secreted by glands that diffuse into the bloodstream then act on target cells

44
Q

Target Cells

A

Cells with specific receptors that hormones affect

45
Q

Paracrine Secretions

A

“local hormones” that affect only neighboring cells

46
Q

Autocrine Secretions

A

Affect only the secreting cell itself

47
Q

Steroids

A

Insoluble in water, Carried in the bloodstream, Released easily out of the bloodstream, Can enter any cell, Soluble in lipids

48
Q

Non Steroid

A

Bind to receptors in cell membranes, Signal transduction - chemical communication from outside to inside the cell

49
Q

Hormonal control

A

3 mechanisms of hormone control = 1.Hypothalamus, 2.Nervous system, 3.Other glands

50
Q

Negative feedback

A

a mechanism that restores biochemical levels by detecting concentration of the biochemical

51
Q

Pituitary gland

A

Located at the base of the brain, Anterior and posterior lobes, releases different hormones

52
Q

Growth hormone

A

Stimulates cells to grow and divide quicker, Enhances the movement of amino acids, GH increases with low blood sugar and protein deficiency

53
Q

Prolactin hormone

A

Stimulates and sustains milk production in women, Not much is known about effects in males - possible sperm count, Elevated levels cause sexual dysfunction

54
Q

Thyroid stimulating hormone

A

Control thyroid gland secretion

55
Q

Follicle stimulating hormone

A

Females - stimulates estrogen production; develops follicles for eggs, Males - stimulates production of sperm cells

56
Q

Luteinizing hormone

A

Promotes secretion of sex hormones, Females - egg release stimulation

57
Q

Antidiuretic hormone

A

Decreases urine production, Water conservation in the kidneys

58
Q

Thyroid Gland

A

Anterior to the trachea, has Thyroxine - regulate metabolism, and Calcium regulation - by Calcitonin

59
Q

Parathyroid Gland

A

Calcium regulation

60
Q

Adrenal Gland

A

associated with the kidneys, produces different Steroids, Boosts energy and prepares for activity

61
Q

Epinephrine

A

increases heart rate, blood flow, blood pressure, metabolism, and alertness

62
Q

Cortisol

A

Increase fatty acid release, decreases protein synthesis, and increases blood sugar, “Stress hormone”

63
Q

Pancreas

A

secretes Insulin and Glucagon (related to blood sugar maintenance)

64
Q

Pineal gland

A

secretes Melatonin which effects Sleep and wake cycles

65
Q

Reproductive Organs

A

Testes (males) - produce testosterone, Ovaries (females) - produce estrogen and progesterone

66
Q

locate the pituitary gland

A

base of the brain (small)

67
Q

locate the pineal gland

A

midline of the brain

68
Q

locate the thyroid gland

A

base of the neck

69
Q

locate the adrenal gland

A

top of both kidneys

70
Q

locate the ovaries

A

both sides of the uterus

71
Q

locate the testes

A

under penis (balls)

72
Q

3 steps of memory

A

encoding, storage, and retrieval

73
Q

Short term memory

A

The stuff we encode from the sensory goes to short term memory, Events are encoded visually, acoustically, or semantically, Holds about 7 (plus or minus 2) items for about 20 seconds

74
Q

Long term memory

A

Unlimited storehouse of information, Explicit (declarative) memories, Implicit (non-declarative) memories

75
Q

Encoding

A

Starts with perception, Emotion and personal experience make the memory better to remember, Hippocampus - analyzes events and sends info to long term memory and allows growth of new neurons

76
Q

Retrieval

A

Pathways are strengthened the more the events recalled and information used, Items we spend more time with or have more urgency are remembered better

77
Q

layers of the meninges: Dura mater

A

Outer layer, Fibrous connective tissue, Surrounds brain and spinal cord

78
Q

layers of the meninges: Arachnoid mater

A

Thin middle layer, No blood vessels

79
Q

layers of the meninges: Pia mater

A

Very thin, Fits snug to brain and spinal cord

80
Q

in the eyes rods…

A

see black and white, not as much

81
Q

in the eyes cones…

A

see all the colors, better

anatomy and physiology - AH 241 (7 decks)

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