Test 2 (chap 6-8) Flashcards
integumentary system
skin is the largest organ, includes: hair, fingernails, sensory receptors, and glands
skin is made of…
2 layers. epidermis - outer layer we see. dermis - deeper layer with nerve endings
subcutaneous layer (hypodermis)
is under the dermis, made of adipose which is fatty tissue
identify which layers the skin the epidermis and dermis are
epidermis - top layer
dermis - bottom layer
how many layers of the epidermis are there
4-5 layers
layers of the epidermis - stratum basale
the bottom layer made of stratified squamous
layers of the epidermis - stratum corneum
the outer most layer that sluff’s off and dies
basement membrane
separates the 2 layers epidermis and dermis
melanocytes
produce melanin (colors skin) and are in the deepest area of epidermis
factors that impact skin color and tone
environment, blood, diet, and disease
skin cancer types and abcde
carcinoma
melanoma - most severe
ABCDE - asymmetry, border, diameter, evolving
dermis
dense connective tissue, things in this area: blood vessels, nerve tissue, hair follicles, sebaceous glands, and sweat glands
sebaceous glands
produce oil to keep skin and hair soft
sweat glands
controlled by exocrine gland? release sweat
eccrine gland
for body temp
apocrine gland
related more to stress of arousal
body temperature regulation
vasodilation which increases blood flow that carries away heat. does this by eccrine gland releasing sweat/shivering to get warm
signs of inflammation
redness, swelling, heat, pain, dysfunction
shallowing wound healing
epithelial tissue divides faster, and then cells fill in the gaps
function of bone
support, protection, movement, blood cell production, and storage of inorganic salts
be able to identify the different types of bones
- long bones (femur)
- short bones (metatarsals)
- flat bones (scapula)
- irregular bones (vertebrae)
components of bones
epiphysis - ends of bones
diaphysis - shaft of bones
periosteum - outer skin of bones
medullary cavity - inner part where red blood cells are
endosteum -
central canals
Haversian canals, where blood vessels and nerves are
perforating canals (volmann’s canals)
also where blood vessels are in bones but go side ways
spongy bone
consists of trabeculae, decrease weight of overall bone, spaces between bone tissue, epiphysis
compact bone
are dense, no space, diaphysis, cortical bone
factors of bone growth
nutrition, hormone secretions, exercise, and genetics
types of muscle
skeletal, smooth, and cardiac
muscle fibers
made of muscle cells: actin - thin. myosin - thick. the 2 slide over each other
ligament
attaches bone to bone (non-contractile)
tendon
attaches muscle to bone (non-contractile)
lactic acid
cellular respiration and oxygen debt cause lactic acid
fast twitch vs. slow twitch
fast - explosive, speed, can’t be used for too long
slow - long distance, slower, high endurance
muscular contraction
- the motor neuron stimulates the muscle
- the sarcolemma (outside muscle) is stimulated and travels deeper through the transverse tubules
- calcium ions diffuse and bind to troponin molecules
- actin and myosin filaments form linkages
smooth muscle
involuntary, organ tissue, blood vessels, rhythmic patterns, peristalsis - wavelike contractions of tubular organs
cardiac muscle
located only in the heart, involuntary, rhythmic, contracts as a whole unit
locate the scapula
flattish bone in shoulder area thats on the back side
locate the clavicle
attaches to shoulder on front
locate the humerus
the upper arm bone
femur
the long upper leg bone
locate the tibia
the prominent lower leg bone
locate the fibula
the smaller lower leg bone
identify where the masseter is
muscle in your jaw
locate the sternocleidomastoid
big muscles on the sides of the neck
locate the trapezius
area along the back of your neck and shoulders but also down the spine a bit
locate the deltoid
is the shoulder muscles
locate the pectoralis major
is your pecs
locate the latissimus dorsi
muscles on your back below your traps
locate the quadriceps
the upper front leg muscle (your quads)
locate the gluteus maximus
ass
locate the gluteus medius
on the sides near/below hips
locate the hamstring
muscles along the back of the upper leg
locate the gastrocnemius
is your calf muscles, on the back lower leg
osteoperosis
thinning of the spongey bone
