Final Exam Flashcards
homeostasis
The body try to keep the body’s internal environment stable
anatomy and physiology
anatomy = structures of the body
physiology = function of the body
components of homeostasis?
- Receptors = Are little nerve endings getting information and giving that information to your body and brain to regulate itself
- Set point = when a certain circumstance has gone beyond the set point
- Effectors = when your brain notifies the body to act then to get the body back to set point
identify anatomical position
body laying on back with palms up
superior
towards head
inferior
towards feet
anterior
front
posterior
back
medial
toward the midline
lateral
away from the midline
proximal
close to body/trunk
distal
away from body/trunk
parts of an atom and their locations
electrons - orbit around
protons - in the nucleus
neutrons - in the nucleus
cell components
- cell wall
- cytoplasm
- nucleus
- mitochondria
functions and purpose of the cell wall
- boundary
- regulates movement in and out of cell
function of the endoplasmic reticulum
- transports molecules in the cell
- involved in protein synthesis
- “recalls” bad proteins
- communicate with other organelles
function of ribosomes
- located on rough ER and cytoplasm
- protein synthesis
function of mitochondria
- powerhouse of the cell
- captures and releases energy from the cell
- cellular respiration
function of lysosomes
- garbage disposal
- break down various molecules
anabolic and catabolic metabolism
- anabolic = building up
- catabolic = breaking down
how enzymes work and their function
- lower energy needed to speed up metabolism
- speed up metabolism
- activation energy
- used repeatedly
- active site -> substrate
the 3 parts of cellular respiration
glycolysis, citric acid cycle, electron transport system
the 4 types of tissues
epithelial, connective, muscular, nervous
epithelial tissue function and location
- functions = protect, secrete, absorb, excrete
- locations = basement membrane, skin, lines organs
connective tissue function
- binds
- supports
- protects
- stores fat
- produce blood cell
types of connective tissue
- ???
- bone
- cartilage
- blood
types of connective tissue produced by fibroblasts
collagen, elastin, and reticular fibers
layers of the skin
- epidermis (outer layer)
- dermis (inner layer)
- basement membrane (separate the 2)
subcutaneous layer
- under the dermis
- made of fatty tissue (adipose)
- area under the skin
epidermis characteristics
- no blood vessels in it
- has 4-5 layers
- stratum basale = bottom layer
- stratum corneum = outside layer that sloughs off
dermis characteristics
- dense connective tissue
- no blood vessels
- nerve tissues
- hair follicles
- sebaceous glands = produce oil
- sweat glands
keratinization
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- process of cells turning into nails/hair?
melanocytes
- located in deepest area of epidermis
- they determine skin pigmentation
skin cancers: difference between melanoma and carcinoma
- melanoma = tumor starts in melanocytes
- carcinoma = begins in the skin or in tissues that line or cover internal organs??
function of bone
support, protection, movement, blood cell production, storage of inorganic salts
spongey bone vs. compact bone
- compact bone = dense, no space, is the diaphysis (shaft of a bone), cortical bone?
- spongey bone = spaces between bone tissue, decreases weight overall of bone, is the epiphysis (end of bone)
identify the cranium
basically the skull
identify the maxillae
bone above lip and under nose area
identify the mandible
jaw bone
identify the zygomatic
cheek bone ish area under the eyes
identify the parts of the vertebral column
- from top to bottom
- cervical
- thoracic
- lumbar
- sacrum
- coccyx
identify the humerus
upper arm bone
identify the femur
upper leg bone
identify the tibia
more forward lower leg bone
identify the patella
knee cap bone
types of muscle
skeletal, smooth, and cardiac
skeletal muscle
- voluntary movement
- found in muscle fibers = muscle cell
- myofibril
smooth muscle
- involuntary movements
- found in organ tissue and blood vessels
- move in rhythmic patterns
- ex. peristalsis
cardiac muscle
- located only in the heart
- involuntary movement
- rhythmic
- contract as a whole unit
actin and myosin
- actin = thin, slides over myosin
- myosin = thick, slides over actin
muscular neurotransmitter
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neuromuscular junction
nerve that returns back to the spine from muscle
tendon
attaches muscle to bone, and is non contractile
aerobic vs anaerobic
- aerobic - with oxygen
- anaerobic - without oxygen ?
sensory vs motor nerve
- sensory = carries information to the central nervous system, relays pain, heat, cold, touch, etc
- motor = carry information from the central nervous system, causes muscle contraction or glandular response
neurotransmitter
chemical substance that is released at the end of a nerve fiber by the arrival of a nerve impulse and, by diffusing across the synapse, causes the transfer of the impulse to another nerve fiber
parts of the brain
- cerebrum
- diencephalon
- brainstem
- cerebellum
cerebrum
- higher learning
- ability to reason
- what separates us from animals
- largest part
diencephalon
processes sensory information
brainstem
regulates visceral activity
cerebellum
coordinates voluntary muscle movement
memory process
encoding, storage, retrieval
5 types of receptors
- chemoreceptors
- pain receptors
- thermoreceptors
- mechanoreceptors
- photoreceptors
sensation
sensory receptors reach threshold and elicit an action potential that cause the brain to be aware of the event
perception
the sensation is interpreted by the brain
adaptation
nervous systems becomes less responsive to a constant stimulus
a pain fibers vs. c pain fibers
Acute fibers (A fibers) - myelinated, sharp pain, starts and ends rapidly
Chronic fiber (C fibers) - unmyelinated, dull pain, and slow impulses
hormones
substances secreted by glands that diffuse into the bloodstream then act on target cells
target cells
cells with specific receptors that hormones affect
3 mechanisms of hormone control
- hypothalamus
- nervous system
- other glands
locate the pituitary gland
small gland in the mid ish brain
locate the thyroid gland
at the neck
locate the adrenal glands
on top the kidneys
locate the pancreas
below the stomach
steroid hormones
- insoluble in water
- carried in the bloodstream
- released easily out of the bloodstream
- can enter any cell
- soluble in lipids.
nonsteroid hormones
- bind to receptors in cell membranes
- signal transduction = chemical communication from outside to inside cell
amount of blood in human body
average of 5 liters
function of blood
- transport nutrients, hormones, waste, gasses
- maintains stability of interstitial fluid
- distributes heat
components of blood
- red blood cells 45%
- plasma 55%
- white blood cells <1%
- platelets 1%
platelets purpose, lifespan, and number
- seal damaged blood vessels
- 10 day lifespan
- 150,000-350,000 per microliter
plasma’s purpose and water %
- 92% water
- contains proteins
leukocyte function
attack viruses and bacteria
blood flow
Heart → arteries → arterioles → capillaries → venules → veins
purpose of coronary artery
- supply blood to the heart tissue
sa node
- sa node = Sinoatrial node, specialized cardiac muscle, located in right atrium, stimulate cardiac muscle to contract, can reach neural threshold on its own, rhythmic
va node
- na node = Atrioventricular node, located in inferior septum, send impulses to AV bundle
order of blood flow through body and heart
- enters left atrium
- goes down to left ventricle
- goes out into the body
- enters back into right atrium
- then down to right ventricle
- then leaves into lungs
arteries
- strong vessels
- carry blood away from the heart
arterioles
- branch off the arteries
- smaller than arteries
capillaries
- smallest vessels
- where the exchange of nutrients, gas, waste and water
- connect smallest arterioles to venules
venules
- small vessels that carry blood from capillaries to veins
- has thinner walls than arterioles
veins
- carry blood back to heart
- have valves to prevent back flow
function of lymphatic system
- transport fluid out of interstitial space back to bloodstream
- immune defense against foreign particles
lymph nodes
- glands
- contain lymphocytes and macrophages
- function: filter foreign particles, monitor body fluids
lymphatic movement
- hydrostatic pressure
- smooth muscle in vessels
- skeletal muscle in contraction
- breathing
duodenum
where stomach attaches to small intestines and where bile and pancreatic enzymes is dumped
absorption locations (of different nutrients)
- mouth begins digestion/absorption of carbohydrates
- stomach - absorption of some liquid, salts, and alcohol
- small intestine is most important in absorption
acid reflux disease
when lower esophageal sphincter (prevents food from regurgitating) gets weakened etc which leads to acid reflux
function of respiratory system
- Obtaining oxygen and removing carbon dioxide
- Filter particles from air coming into the system
function of nose
- Nostrils allow airflow in and out of nasal cavity
- Hairs in the nostril help filter the air
function of trachea
- is ciliated
- has mucous membrane with goblet cells
- the particles trapped in cilia moves up to pharynx and swallowed
function of bronchi
- the main air way
- branches of in 2 (left and right)
function of alveoli
- air sac that receive oxygen
- exchange O2 and CO2 in capillaries
function of pleura
Outer coverings of lung tissue
expiration and inspiration process
- Inspiration - air into the lungs
- Diaphragm contracts and moves downward for decrease alveoli pressure
- Expiration - air out of the lungs
- Its passive
- Diaphragm recoils to push air out
able to identify to structures of the respiratory system
- nose
- nasal cavity
- larynx
- trachea
- bronchial tree
- lungs
function of urinary system
- Removes waste products
- Maintains normal concentration of water and electrolytes
- Helps control blood pressure
- Helps control red blood cell production
function of the kidneys
- Remove waste products from the body
- Remove drugs from the body
- Balance the body’s fluids
- Release hormones that regulate blood pressure
- Produce and active form of vitamin D
- Control the production of red blood cells
be able to identify the parts of the urinary system
- Kidney
- Ureters
- Bladder
- Urethra
nephrons
- Regulate extracellular fluid (volume, composition, and pH)
- Removes waste from blood and form urine
who is most likely to get UTI’s
elderly of females
intracellular
- Fluid within cells
- High concentration of potassium, magnesium, and phosphate
extracellular
- Fluid outside of cells
- High concentrations of sodium, chloride, and bicarbonate
fluid movement occurs in what 2 ways
- hydrostatic pressure
- osmotic pressure
how much should the average adults fluid intake be
2,500 ml/day
breakdown of our liquid intake
- 60% from water and beverages
- 30% from food
- 10% oxidative metabolism
how is water lost
urine, sweat, feces, evaporation from skin and breathing
breakdown of water output
- Urine = 60%
- Skin evaporation and breathing = 28%
- Feces = 6%
- Sweat = 6%
dehydration
- Water output exceeds water input
- Occurs with sweating, water deprivation, excessive vomiting and/or diarrhea
edema
- Abnormal accumulation of extracellular fluid
- Occur from injury, disease, venous pressure, or lymphatic obstruction
testes
- Produce sperm
- Secrete male hormones
prostate gland
- Surrounds proximal urethra
- Secrets milky, alkaline fluid to neutralize sperm
effects of testosterone
- Enlargement of testes
- Increased body hair
- Enlarged larynx and vocal cords
- Thickening of skin
- Muscular growth
- Bone growth
ovary
- Produce eggs
- Secrete female hormones
effects of estrogen
- Stimulates enlargement of vagina, uterus, ovaries, uterine tubes
- Breast development and mammary glands
- Increased adipose tissue
- Increased vascularization of the skin
effects of progesterone
- Promotes changes during menstrual cycle
- Affects mammary glands in the breasts
leading cause of death in the US
Heart disease
life expectancy in the US
79 years
GERD
- Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease
- Decrease muscle tone of lower esophageal sphincter
- Symptoms include heartburn, gas, upper abdominal pain, bronchospasm, and asthma
myocardial infarction
- Heart attack
- Blockage of coronary arteries
- Myocardium (heart muscle) does not get oxygen and nutrition
LDL vs. HDL
high LDL cholesterol (bad)
low HDL cholesterol (good)
things to avoid in diet
- Excessive sugar
- Processed food
- Trans fat
- Excessive caffeine
- Excessive sweeteners
- Excessive saturated fat
- Excessive alcohol
factors in poor eating
- Stress
- Eating too much
- Eating too fast
- Eating too late
- Allowing hunger to drive food intake
- Associating food with social events
- “Getting your money’s worth”
eating vegetables and fruit in your diet …
- 5 servings a day reduced cardiovascular event by 20%
- 8 servings a day reduced cardiovascular event by 30%
