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anatomy and physiology - AH 241 > Final Exam > Flashcards

Final Exam Flashcards

1
Q

homeostasis

A

The body try to keep the body’s internal environment stable

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2
Q

anatomy and physiology

A

anatomy = structures of the body
physiology = function of the body

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3
Q

components of homeostasis?

A
  • Receptors = Are little nerve endings getting information and giving that information to your body and brain to regulate itself
  • Set point = when a certain circumstance has gone beyond the set point
  • Effectors = when your brain notifies the body to act then to get the body back to set point
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4
Q

identify anatomical position

A

body laying on back with palms up

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5
Q

superior

A

towards head

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6
Q

inferior

A

towards feet

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7
Q

anterior

A

front

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8
Q

posterior

A

back

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9
Q

medial

A

toward the midline

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10
Q

lateral

A

away from the midline

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11
Q

proximal

A

close to body/trunk

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12
Q

distal

A

away from body/trunk

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13
Q

parts of an atom and their locations

A

electrons - orbit around
protons - in the nucleus
neutrons - in the nucleus

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14
Q

cell components

A
  • cell wall
  • cytoplasm
  • nucleus
  • mitochondria
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15
Q

functions and purpose of the cell wall

A
  • boundary
  • regulates movement in and out of cell
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16
Q

function of the endoplasmic reticulum

A
  • transports molecules in the cell
  • involved in protein synthesis
  • “recalls” bad proteins
  • communicate with other organelles
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17
Q

function of ribosomes

A
  • located on rough ER and cytoplasm
  • protein synthesis
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18
Q

function of mitochondria

A
  • powerhouse of the cell
  • captures and releases energy from the cell
  • cellular respiration
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19
Q

function of lysosomes

A
  • garbage disposal
  • break down various molecules
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20
Q

anabolic and catabolic metabolism

A
  • anabolic = building up
  • catabolic = breaking down
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21
Q

how enzymes work and their function

A
  • lower energy needed to speed up metabolism
  • speed up metabolism
  • activation energy
  • used repeatedly
  • active site -> substrate
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22
Q

the 3 parts of cellular respiration

A

glycolysis, citric acid cycle, electron transport system

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23
Q

the 4 types of tissues

A

epithelial, connective, muscular, nervous

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24
Q

epithelial tissue function and location

A
  • functions = protect, secrete, absorb, excrete
  • locations = basement membrane, skin, lines organs
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25
Q

connective tissue function

A
  • binds
  • supports
  • protects
  • stores fat
  • produce blood cell
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26
Q

types of connective tissue

A
  • ???
  • bone
  • cartilage
  • blood
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27
Q

types of connective tissue produced by fibroblasts

A

collagen, elastin, and reticular fibers

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28
Q

layers of the skin

A
  • epidermis (outer layer)
  • dermis (inner layer)
  • basement membrane (separate the 2)
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29
Q

subcutaneous layer

A
  • under the dermis
  • made of fatty tissue (adipose)
  • area under the skin
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30
Q

epidermis characteristics

A
  • no blood vessels in it
  • has 4-5 layers
  • stratum basale = bottom layer
  • stratum corneum = outside layer that sloughs off
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31
Q

dermis characteristics

A
  • dense connective tissue
  • no blood vessels
  • nerve tissues
  • hair follicles
  • sebaceous glands = produce oil
  • sweat glands
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32
Q

keratinization

A

??????????//
- process of cells turning into nails/hair?

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33
Q

melanocytes

A
  • located in deepest area of epidermis
  • they determine skin pigmentation
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34
Q

skin cancers: difference between melanoma and carcinoma

A
  • melanoma = tumor starts in melanocytes
  • carcinoma = begins in the skin or in tissues that line or cover internal organs??
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35
Q

function of bone

A

support, protection, movement, blood cell production, storage of inorganic salts

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36
Q

spongey bone vs. compact bone

A
  • compact bone = dense, no space, is the diaphysis (shaft of a bone), cortical bone?
  • spongey bone = spaces between bone tissue, decreases weight overall of bone, is the epiphysis (end of bone)
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37
Q

identify the cranium

A

basically the skull

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38
Q

identify the maxillae

A

bone above lip and under nose area

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39
Q

identify the mandible

A

jaw bone

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40
Q

identify the zygomatic

A

cheek bone ish area under the eyes

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41
Q

identify the parts of the vertebral column

A
  • from top to bottom
  • cervical
  • thoracic
  • lumbar
  • sacrum
  • coccyx
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42
Q

identify the humerus

A

upper arm bone

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43
Q

identify the femur

A

upper leg bone

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44
Q

identify the tibia

A

more forward lower leg bone

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45
Q

identify the patella

A

knee cap bone

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46
Q

types of muscle

A

skeletal, smooth, and cardiac

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47
Q

skeletal muscle

A
  • voluntary movement
  • found in muscle fibers = muscle cell
  • myofibril
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48
Q

smooth muscle

A
  • involuntary movements
  • found in organ tissue and blood vessels
  • move in rhythmic patterns
  • ex. peristalsis
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49
Q

cardiac muscle

A
  • located only in the heart
  • involuntary movement
  • rhythmic
  • contract as a whole unit
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50
Q

actin and myosin

A
  • actin = thin, slides over myosin
  • myosin = thick, slides over actin
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51
Q

muscular neurotransmitter

A

????????/

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52
Q

neuromuscular junction

A

nerve that returns back to the spine from muscle

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53
Q

tendon

A

attaches muscle to bone, and is non contractile

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54
Q

aerobic vs anaerobic

A
  • aerobic - with oxygen
  • anaerobic - without oxygen ?
55
Q

sensory vs motor nerve

A
  • sensory = carries information to the central nervous system, relays pain, heat, cold, touch, etc
  • motor = carry information from the central nervous system, causes muscle contraction or glandular response
56
Q

neurotransmitter

A

chemical substance that is released at the end of a nerve fiber by the arrival of a nerve impulse and, by diffusing across the synapse, causes the transfer of the impulse to another nerve fiber

57
Q

parts of the brain

A
  • cerebrum
  • diencephalon
  • brainstem
  • cerebellum
58
Q

cerebrum

A
  • higher learning
  • ability to reason
  • what separates us from animals
  • largest part
59
Q

diencephalon

A

processes sensory information

60
Q

brainstem

A

regulates visceral activity

61
Q

cerebellum

A

coordinates voluntary muscle movement

62
Q

memory process

A

encoding, storage, retrieval

63
Q

5 types of receptors

A
  • chemoreceptors
  • pain receptors
  • thermoreceptors
  • mechanoreceptors
  • photoreceptors
64
Q

sensation

A

sensory receptors reach threshold and elicit an action potential that cause the brain to be aware of the event

65
Q

perception

A

the sensation is interpreted by the brain

66
Q

adaptation

A

nervous systems becomes less responsive to a constant stimulus

67
Q

a pain fibers vs. c pain fibers

A

Acute fibers (A fibers) - myelinated, sharp pain, starts and ends rapidly
Chronic fiber (C fibers) - unmyelinated, dull pain, and slow impulses

68
Q

hormones

A

substances secreted by glands that diffuse into the bloodstream then act on target cells

69
Q

target cells

A

cells with specific receptors that hormones affect

70
Q

3 mechanisms of hormone control

A
  • hypothalamus
  • nervous system
  • other glands
71
Q

locate the pituitary gland

A

small gland in the mid ish brain

72
Q

locate the thyroid gland

A

at the neck

73
Q

locate the adrenal glands

A

on top the kidneys

74
Q

locate the pancreas

A

below the stomach

75
Q

steroid hormones

A
  • insoluble in water
  • carried in the bloodstream
  • released easily out of the bloodstream
  • can enter any cell
  • soluble in lipids.
76
Q

nonsteroid hormones

A
  • bind to receptors in cell membranes
  • signal transduction = chemical communication from outside to inside cell
77
Q

amount of blood in human body

A

average of 5 liters

78
Q

function of blood

A
  • transport nutrients, hormones, waste, gasses
  • maintains stability of interstitial fluid
  • distributes heat
79
Q

components of blood

A
  • red blood cells 45%
  • plasma 55%
  • white blood cells <1%
  • platelets 1%
80
Q

platelets purpose, lifespan, and number

A
  • seal damaged blood vessels
  • 10 day lifespan
  • 150,000-350,000 per microliter
81
Q

plasma’s purpose and water %

A
  • 92% water
  • contains proteins
82
Q

leukocyte function

A

attack viruses and bacteria

83
Q

blood flow

A

Heart → arteries → arterioles → capillaries → venules → veins

84
Q

purpose of coronary artery

A
  • supply blood to the heart tissue
85
Q

sa node

A
  • sa node = Sinoatrial node, specialized cardiac muscle, located in right atrium, stimulate cardiac muscle to contract, can reach neural threshold on its own, rhythmic
86
Q

va node

A
  • na node = Atrioventricular node, located in inferior septum, send impulses to AV bundle
87
Q

order of blood flow through body and heart

A
  • enters left atrium
  • goes down to left ventricle
  • goes out into the body
  • enters back into right atrium
  • then down to right ventricle
  • then leaves into lungs
88
Q

arteries

A
  • strong vessels
  • carry blood away from the heart
89
Q

arterioles

A
  • branch off the arteries
  • smaller than arteries
90
Q

capillaries

A
  • smallest vessels
  • where the exchange of nutrients, gas, waste and water
  • connect smallest arterioles to venules
91
Q

venules

A
  • small vessels that carry blood from capillaries to veins
  • has thinner walls than arterioles
92
Q

veins

A
  • carry blood back to heart
  • have valves to prevent back flow
93
Q

function of lymphatic system

A
  • transport fluid out of interstitial space back to bloodstream
  • immune defense against foreign particles
94
Q

lymph nodes

A
  • glands
  • contain lymphocytes and macrophages
  • function: filter foreign particles, monitor body fluids
95
Q

lymphatic movement

A
  • hydrostatic pressure
  • smooth muscle in vessels
  • skeletal muscle in contraction
  • breathing
96
Q

duodenum

A

where stomach attaches to small intestines and where bile and pancreatic enzymes is dumped

97
Q

absorption locations (of different nutrients)

A
  • mouth begins digestion/absorption of carbohydrates
  • stomach - absorption of some liquid, salts, and alcohol
  • small intestine is most important in absorption
98
Q

acid reflux disease

A

when lower esophageal sphincter (prevents food from regurgitating) gets weakened etc which leads to acid reflux

99
Q

function of respiratory system

A
  • Obtaining oxygen and removing carbon dioxide
  • Filter particles from air coming into the system
100
Q

function of nose

A
  • Nostrils allow airflow in and out of nasal cavity
  • Hairs in the nostril help filter the air
101
Q

function of trachea

A
  • is ciliated
  • has mucous membrane with goblet cells
  • the particles trapped in cilia moves up to pharynx and swallowed
102
Q

function of bronchi

A
  • the main air way
  • branches of in 2 (left and right)
103
Q

function of alveoli

A
  • air sac that receive oxygen
  • exchange O2 and CO2 in capillaries
104
Q

function of pleura

A

Outer coverings of lung tissue

105
Q

expiration and inspiration process

A
  • Inspiration - air into the lungs
  • Diaphragm contracts and moves downward for decrease alveoli pressure
  • Expiration - air out of the lungs
  • Its passive
  • Diaphragm recoils to push air out
106
Q

able to identify to structures of the respiratory system

A
  • nose
  • nasal cavity
  • larynx
  • trachea
  • bronchial tree
  • lungs
107
Q

function of urinary system

A
  • Removes waste products
  • Maintains normal concentration of water and electrolytes
  • Helps control blood pressure
  • Helps control red blood cell production
108
Q

function of the kidneys

A
  • Remove waste products from the body
  • Remove drugs from the body
  • Balance the body’s fluids
  • Release hormones that regulate blood pressure
  • Produce and active form of vitamin D
  • Control the production of red blood cells
109
Q

be able to identify the parts of the urinary system

A
  • Kidney
  • Ureters
  • Bladder
  • Urethra
109
Q

nephrons

A
  • Regulate extracellular fluid (volume, composition, and pH)
  • Removes waste from blood and form urine
109
Q

who is most likely to get UTI’s

A

elderly of females

110
Q

intracellular

A
  • Fluid within cells
  • High concentration of potassium, magnesium, and phosphate
111
Q

extracellular

A
  • Fluid outside of cells
  • High concentrations of sodium, chloride, and bicarbonate
112
Q

fluid movement occurs in what 2 ways

A
  • hydrostatic pressure
  • osmotic pressure
113
Q

how much should the average adults fluid intake be

A

2,500 ml/day

114
Q

breakdown of our liquid intake

A
  • 60% from water and beverages
  • 30% from food
  • 10% oxidative metabolism
115
Q

how is water lost

A

urine, sweat, feces, evaporation from skin and breathing

116
Q

breakdown of water output

A
  • Urine = 60%
  • Skin evaporation and breathing = 28%
  • Feces = 6%
  • Sweat = 6%
117
Q

dehydration

A
  • Water output exceeds water input
  • Occurs with sweating, water deprivation, excessive vomiting and/or diarrhea
118
Q

edema

A
  • Abnormal accumulation of extracellular fluid
  • Occur from injury, disease, venous pressure, or lymphatic obstruction
119
Q

testes

A
  • Produce sperm
  • Secrete male hormones
120
Q

prostate gland

A
  • Surrounds proximal urethra
  • Secrets milky, alkaline fluid to neutralize sperm
121
Q

effects of testosterone

A
  • Enlargement of testes
  • Increased body hair
  • Enlarged larynx and vocal cords
  • Thickening of skin
  • Muscular growth
  • Bone growth
122
Q

ovary

A
  • Produce eggs
  • Secrete female hormones
123
Q

effects of estrogen

A
  • Stimulates enlargement of vagina, uterus, ovaries, uterine tubes
  • Breast development and mammary glands
  • Increased adipose tissue
  • Increased vascularization of the skin
124
Q

effects of progesterone

A
  • Promotes changes during menstrual cycle
  • Affects mammary glands in the breasts
125
Q

leading cause of death in the US

A

Heart disease

126
Q

life expectancy in the US

A

79 years

127
Q

GERD

A
  • Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease
  • Decrease muscle tone of lower esophageal sphincter
  • Symptoms include heartburn, gas, upper abdominal pain, bronchospasm, and asthma
128
Q

myocardial infarction

A
  • Heart attack
  • Blockage of coronary arteries
  • Myocardium (heart muscle) does not get oxygen and nutrition
129
Q

LDL vs. HDL

A

high LDL cholesterol (bad)
low HDL cholesterol (good)

130
Q

things to avoid in diet

A
  • Excessive sugar
  • Processed food
  • Trans fat
  • Excessive caffeine
  • Excessive sweeteners
  • Excessive saturated fat
  • Excessive alcohol
131
Q

factors in poor eating

A
  • Stress
  • Eating too much
  • Eating too fast
  • Eating too late
  • Allowing hunger to drive food intake
  • Associating food with social events
  • “Getting your money’s worth”
132
Q

eating vegetables and fruit in your diet …

A
  • 5 servings a day reduced cardiovascular event by 20%
  • 8 servings a day reduced cardiovascular event by 30%

anatomy and physiology - AH 241 (7 decks)

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