test 4 (chap 12-16) Flashcards
blood is …
- connective tissue
- heaving/thicker than water
- average adult has ~5 liters of blood
function of blood
- transport nutrients, hormones, waste, gases
- maintains stability of interstitial fluid
- distributes heat
components of blood
- red blood cells = 45%
- plasma = 55%
- white blood cells = less than 1%
- platelets = less than 1%
red blood cells contain
hemoglobin which carries oxygen
what is the red blood cell count on average
4-6 million
purpose of white blood cells
to fight infection
types of white blood cells
- neutrophils
- eosinophils
- basophils
- monocytes
- lymphocytes
neutrophils function
perform phagocytosis
eosinophils function
involved in allergic reaction and defense against worms
lymphocytes function
attack viruses and bacteria
white blood cell count
5,000-10,000
platelets count
150,000-350,000
platelets purpose
seal damaged blood vessels
what is plasma (with %)
the liquid portion of the blood
- 92% water
the order of how blood flows
heart, arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, veins
pulmonary circuit
sends deoxygenated blood to lungs
systemic circuit
sends oxygenated blood to the body
how big is the average heart
14cm long and 9cm wide
what are the 4 chambers of the heart
- 2 atria = upper chambers
- 2 ventricle = lower chambers
what separates the atria from the ventricles
septum
what do valves do in the heart
prevent back flow of blood
what are the valves in the heart
- atrioventricular
- pulmonary
- aortic
what is the heart wall
3 layers of the heart (epicardium, myocardium, and endocardium)
what is the myocardium in the heart
thick musculature that pumps blood out of the heart
whats the purpose of coronary arteries
supply blood to the heart tissue
what happens when coronary artery is blocked
myocardial infarction (heart attack) where myocardium does not get oxygen
cardiac muscle location
in the walls of the heart
SA node
- sinoatrial node
- specialized cardiac muscle
- located in right atrium
- stimulates cardiac muscle to contract
AV node
- atrioventricular node
- located in inferior septum
- send impulses to AV bundle
whats an EKG
- electrocardiogram
- recording of electrical changes in the myocardium
arteries
- strong vessels
- carry blood away from the heart
arterioles
- branches off of arteries
- thinner than arteries
capillaries
- smallest vessel
- exchange of nutrients, gas, waste, and water
- connect the smallest arterioles to venules
venules
- small vessels that carry blood from capillaries to the veins
- thinner walls than arterioles
veins
- carry blood back to the heart
- less smooth muscle and larger diameter compared to arteries
- valves
- help maintain blood pressure with hemorrhage
systolic vs diastolic
the top number is a cystic when the heart contracts,
and the bottom number is the diastolic number. When the heart relaxes
function of lymphatic system
- transport lymph through the system
- get rid of waste
- removes 10% waste
- other 90% by circulatory system
what is lymph
- forms from plasma, proteins, and particles
- hydrostatic pressure pushes lymph into lymph capillaries
lymph node purpose
- filter foreign particles
- monitor body fluids
- produce some lymphocyte cells
lymph nodes have _____ and ________ to fight invaders
lymphocytes and macrophages
spleen
- largest lymphatic organ
- filters particles out of the blood
- contain lymphocytes and macrophages
how is lymph moved
- hydrostatic pressure and skeletal muscle and breathing
location of lymph nodes
in network around the body around the neck, armpits, groin
immune vs acquire immunity
immune - innate system your born with
acquired - you get some sickness then gain immunity
antigen
chemicals that elicit an immune response; cause B cells to produce antibodies
antibody
protein produced by B cells in response to foreign particles
Special resistance
Each species has a resistance to certain pathogens
Mechanical barriers
Protective coverings
Skin, mucous membranes
First line of defense
Chemical barriers
Enzymes in the body
Interferons - viruses and tumor protection
Complement - stimulates inflammation and phagocytosis
Natural killer cells
Lymphocytes - small amount of cells
Virus and cancer protection
Inflammation
Tissue response to injury and infection
Indicated by redness, swelling, heat, and pain
Phagocytosis
Neutrophils and monocytes
Fever
Can help with bacteria growth and phagocytosis
stroke
- blockage of carotid artery or blood vessels in the brain
- causes disability and death
arterial fibrillation
- the atria chambers beat irregularly
- can cause: stoke
healthy heart basics
healthy diet, avoid smoking, exercise, avoid/reduce alcohol, get good sleep, stress management, health screenings
LDL vs. HDL
high LDL cholesterol is bad and low HDL cholesterol is good
general how blood flows
- enters left atrium
- goes down to left ventricle
- goes out into lungs
- enters back into right atrium
- then down to right ventricle
- then leaves into body
function of the respiratory system
- obtaining oxygen and removing carbon dioxide
- filter particles from air going into system
- control temperature and water content of air
- produce vocal sounds
- assists with regulation of pH levels of blood
- assists with sense of smell
nose
- nostrils allow airflow in/out of nasal cavity
- hairs in nose help filter air
nasal cavity
- hollow space behind nose
- nasal septum divides the cavity
- goblet cells in cavity produce mucus
- mucus traps dust and particles
Glottis
small slit opening above trachea
Epiglottis
flap like structure that help cover trachea during swallowing
trachea
- ciliated
- has mucous membrane with goblet cells
- has ridges/rings
bronci
primary bronchi - splits right and left
alveoli
air sac that receive oxygen; exchange O2 and CO2 in capillaries
inhalation vs exhalation (chart)
inhalation - diagram goes down to expand lungs to take in more air
exhalation - diaphragm goes back up to push air out
