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anatomy and physiology - AH 241 > test 4 (chap 12-16) > Flashcards

test 4 (chap 12-16) Flashcards

1
Q

blood is …

A
  • connective tissue
  • heaving/thicker than water
  • average adult has ~5 liters of blood
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2
Q

function of blood

A
  • transport nutrients, hormones, waste, gases
  • maintains stability of interstitial fluid
  • distributes heat
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3
Q

components of blood

A
  • red blood cells = 45%
  • plasma = 55%
  • white blood cells = less than 1%
  • platelets = less than 1%
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4
Q

red blood cells contain

A

hemoglobin which carries oxygen

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5
Q

what is the red blood cell count on average

A

4-6 million

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6
Q

purpose of white blood cells

A

to fight infection

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7
Q

types of white blood cells

A
  1. neutrophils
  2. eosinophils
  3. basophils
  4. monocytes
  5. lymphocytes
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8
Q

neutrophils function

A

perform phagocytosis

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9
Q

eosinophils function

A

involved in allergic reaction and defense against worms

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10
Q

lymphocytes function

A

attack viruses and bacteria

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11
Q

white blood cell count

A

5,000-10,000

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12
Q

platelets count

A

150,000-350,000

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13
Q

platelets purpose

A

seal damaged blood vessels

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14
Q

what is plasma (with %)

A

the liquid portion of the blood
- 92% water

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15
Q

the order of how blood flows

A

heart, arteries, arterioles, capillaries, venules, veins

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16
Q

pulmonary circuit

A

sends deoxygenated blood to lungs

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17
Q

systemic circuit

A

sends oxygenated blood to the body

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18
Q

how big is the average heart

A

14cm long and 9cm wide

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19
Q

what are the 4 chambers of the heart

A
  • 2 atria = upper chambers
  • 2 ventricle = lower chambers
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20
Q

what separates the atria from the ventricles

A

septum

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21
Q

what do valves do in the heart

A

prevent back flow of blood

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22
Q

what are the valves in the heart

A
  • atrioventricular
  • pulmonary
  • aortic
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23
Q

what is the heart wall

A

3 layers of the heart (epicardium, myocardium, and endocardium)

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24
Q

what is the myocardium in the heart

A

thick musculature that pumps blood out of the heart

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25
Q

whats the purpose of coronary arteries

A

supply blood to the heart tissue

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26
Q

what happens when coronary artery is blocked

A

myocardial infarction (heart attack) where myocardium does not get oxygen

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27
Q

cardiac muscle location

A

in the walls of the heart

28
Q

SA node

A
  • sinoatrial node
  • specialized cardiac muscle
  • located in right atrium
  • stimulates cardiac muscle to contract
29
Q

AV node

A
  • atrioventricular node
  • located in inferior septum
  • send impulses to AV bundle
30
Q

whats an EKG

A
  • electrocardiogram
  • recording of electrical changes in the myocardium
31
Q

arteries

A
  • strong vessels
  • carry blood away from the heart
32
Q

arterioles

A
  • branches off of arteries
  • thinner than arteries
33
Q

capillaries

A
  • smallest vessel
  • exchange of nutrients, gas, waste, and water
  • connect the smallest arterioles to venules
34
Q

venules

A
  • small vessels that carry blood from capillaries to the veins
  • thinner walls than arterioles
35
Q

veins

A
  • carry blood back to the heart
  • less smooth muscle and larger diameter compared to arteries
  • valves
  • help maintain blood pressure with hemorrhage
36
Q

systolic vs diastolic

A

the top number is a cystic when the heart contracts,
and the bottom number is the diastolic number. When the heart relaxes

37
Q

function of lymphatic system

A
  • transport lymph through the system
  • get rid of waste
  • removes 10% waste
  • other 90% by circulatory system
38
Q

what is lymph

A
  • forms from plasma, proteins, and particles
  • hydrostatic pressure pushes lymph into lymph capillaries
39
Q

lymph node purpose

A
  • filter foreign particles
  • monitor body fluids
  • produce some lymphocyte cells
40
Q

lymph nodes have _____ and ________ to fight invaders

A

lymphocytes and macrophages

41
Q

spleen

A
  • largest lymphatic organ
  • filters particles out of the blood
  • contain lymphocytes and macrophages
42
Q

how is lymph moved

A
  • hydrostatic pressure and skeletal muscle and breathing
43
Q

location of lymph nodes

A

in network around the body around the neck, armpits, groin

44
Q

immune vs acquire immunity

A

immune - innate system your born with
acquired - you get some sickness then gain immunity

45
Q

antigen

A

chemicals that elicit an immune response; cause B cells to produce antibodies

46
Q

antibody

A

protein produced by B cells in response to foreign particles

47
Q

Special resistance

A

Each species has a resistance to certain pathogens

48
Q

Mechanical barriers

A

Protective coverings
Skin, mucous membranes
First line of defense

49
Q

Chemical barriers

A

Enzymes in the body
Interferons - viruses and tumor protection
Complement - stimulates inflammation and phagocytosis

50
Q

Natural killer cells

A

Lymphocytes - small amount of cells
Virus and cancer protection

51
Q

Inflammation

A

Tissue response to injury and infection
Indicated by redness, swelling, heat, and pain

52
Q

Phagocytosis

A

Neutrophils and monocytes

53
Q

Fever

A

Can help with bacteria growth and phagocytosis

54
Q

stroke

A
  • blockage of carotid artery or blood vessels in the brain
  • causes disability and death
55
Q

arterial fibrillation

A
  • the atria chambers beat irregularly
  • can cause: stoke
56
Q

healthy heart basics

A

healthy diet, avoid smoking, exercise, avoid/reduce alcohol, get good sleep, stress management, health screenings

57
Q

LDL vs. HDL

A

high LDL cholesterol is bad and low HDL cholesterol is good

58
Q

general how blood flows

A
  • enters left atrium
  • goes down to left ventricle
  • goes out into lungs
  • enters back into right atrium
  • then down to right ventricle
  • then leaves into body
59
Q

function of the respiratory system

A
  • obtaining oxygen and removing carbon dioxide
  • filter particles from air going into system
  • control temperature and water content of air
  • produce vocal sounds
  • assists with regulation of pH levels of blood
  • assists with sense of smell
60
Q

nose

A
  • nostrils allow airflow in/out of nasal cavity
  • hairs in nose help filter air
61
Q

nasal cavity

A
  • hollow space behind nose
  • nasal septum divides the cavity
  • goblet cells in cavity produce mucus
  • mucus traps dust and particles
62
Q

Glottis

A

small slit opening above trachea

63
Q

Epiglottis

A

flap like structure that help cover trachea during swallowing

64
Q

trachea

A
  • ciliated
  • has mucous membrane with goblet cells
  • has ridges/rings
65
Q

bronci

A

primary bronchi - splits right and left

66
Q

alveoli

A

air sac that receive oxygen; exchange O2 and CO2 in capillaries

67
Q

inhalation vs exhalation (chart)

A

inhalation - diagram goes down to expand lungs to take in more air
exhalation - diaphragm goes back up to push air out

anatomy and physiology - AH 241 (7 decks)

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