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Microbiology IPAP 3-17 > Test 5 Protozoa > Flashcards

Test 5 Protozoa Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the Metabolic stage with active, vegetative, feeding, and is capable of movement?

A

Trophozoite

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2
Q

What is the shape of a Trophozoite?

A

Varied, mostly subspherical.

-DEPENDENT upon cytoplasmic structure and organelles

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3
Q

What parasite is capable of invading tissue and causes intestinal amebiasis and Extra-intestinal amebiasis?

A

Entamoeba histolytica

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4
Q

Disease characteristics of Intestinal Amebiasis that Entamoeba histolytica causes are?

A
  • Non-dysenteric colitis

- Amebic dysentery

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5
Q

Disease characteristics of Extra-intestinal amebiasis that Entamoeba Histolytica causes?

A
  • Hepatic: Most Frequent, Right lobe of Live
  • Pulmonary
  • Brain: CNS
  • Other Organs: e.g. Spleen, kidneys, etc..
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6
Q

Which parasite’s pathogenicity consist of incidence being higher in children and young adults w/symptoms of irritation to intestinal mucosa and recurrent diarrhea (dehydration)? What disease is caused by it?

A

Giardia lamblia

Disease: Giardiasis

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7
Q

What is the only pathogenic ciliate?

A

Balantidium Coli

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8
Q

In the protozoan nuclei what is lacking in the compact type?

A

Clear Nucleoplasmic zones as found in ciliates

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9
Q

Protozoan Nuclei typically consist of two a Macronucleus and Micronucleus, describe each.

A
  • Macronucleus: Large; associated w/cell trophic activities

- Micronucleus: Small, often obscure; associated w/reproductive activities

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10
Q

What is the Organ of locomotion for Protozoa?

A

Flagella: Long hair-like structures; characteristic of mastigophorans

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11
Q

What is significant of the flagella of Protozoa?

A
  • Organisms often describe by number/arrangement

- Facilitates propelling and procurement of food (some)

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12
Q

What parasite uses tissue lysing enzymes that create ulcerations/penetrations of the mucosal crypts and these extensions into submucosa form a flask-shaped lesion?

A

Entamoeba histolytica

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13
Q

What common life stage is associated w/ transmission to a new host and is entered into just prior to passage?

A

Cyst

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14
Q

What is the term used to describe the complication that may arise forming granulation tissues or tumors created by the Entamoeba Histolytica?

A

Amebomas (Amebic Granulomas)

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15
Q

Asymptomatic carriers make up 75% in endemic areas and 30% of general population, what is the Non-pathogenic form often named or is mistaken for?

A

Entamoeba Dispar (E. Dispar)

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16
Q

What is the Geographic distribution of Entamoeba histolytica?

A

Cosmopolitan, Prevalent in Tropic and Subtropics

-Areas of poor sanitary and hygienic practices

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17
Q

What is the Infective stage of Entamoeba Histolytica?

A
  • Mature Cysts ingested

- Cysts and trophozoites passed in feces

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18
Q

What is the diagnostic Stage of Entamoeba Histolytica infection?

A
  • Ingestion of mature cysts
  • Cysts and Trophozoites passed in feces
  • Trophozoites
  • Cysts
  • Extra-intestinal Disease
  • Intestinal Disease
  • Noninvasive Colonization
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19
Q

What is the specimen of choice for Laboratory Identification of Entamoeba histolytica?

A

Feces and biopsies

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20
Q

Describe the process of Specimen processing of feces in the Laboratory Identification of Entamoeba histolytica?

A
  • Collect 3 samples: one every other day
  • Avoid contact w/water or urine
  • Liquid stools: Examine w/in 30 minutes
  • Perform direct exam in physiological saline and Lugol’s iodine
  • Perform concentration technique
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21
Q

What forms from the breakdown of eosinophilic blood cells and is an indication of bleeding or inflammation of the intestinal mucosa, in which is seen on Microscopic Examination?

A

Charcot-Leyden Crystals

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22
Q

Trophozoite form of Entamoeba Histolytica has what appearance on Laboratory Identification?

A
  • Cytoplasm: Clean
    • Appearance: Fine Granular
    • Inclusions: Occasional RBCs (case of dysentery); few bacteria or debris in vaculoles
  • Motility (in saline): Directional and progressive w/smooth, lobed pseudopodia
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23
Q

Cyst form of Enamoeba Histolytica has what appearance on Laboratory Identification?

A
  • Shape: Spherical
  • Nucleus:
    • # : 1-4, mature quadinucleated cyst
    • Appearance: Fine Granular
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24
Q

What parasite is often confused with Enamoeba histolytica however is nonpathogenic and infection indicates a breakdown in hygienic and sanitary environment of host?

A

Entamoeba coli

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25
Q

What is the Geographical distribution of Entamoeba coli?

A

Cosmopolitan

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26
Q

What is the specimen of choice for Entamoeba coli?

A

Feces

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27
Q

Trophozoite form of Entamoeba coli has what appearance on Laboratory Identification?

A 
Shape: irregular
Nucleus: Vesicular, dispersed type
-#: 1
-Peripheral chromatin: coarse granules; irregular size and distribution
-Karyosome: Small; usually eccentric
Nucleoplasm: Clear
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28
Q

The Cytoplasm of Trophozoite form of Entamoeba Coli has what appearance on Laboratory Identification?

A
  • Appearance: Vacuolated, Coarsely Granular
  • Inclusions: Yeast (may include Spores of SPHAERITA), molds, bacteria
  • Motility: Sluggish; non-directional w/blunt, poorly defined pseudopodia
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29
Q

CYST form of Entamoeba Coli has what appearance on Laboratory Identification?

A

-Shape: Sperical
-Nuclei: 1-8 (multi-nucleated)
(Mature Cyst characteristically have 8 nuclei, rarely 16

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30
Q

What effect does Giardia lamblia have on intestinal absorption?

A

Malabsorption

-Lg. #’s attach to intestinal mucosa and block absorption

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31
Q

What parasite inhibits fat absorption w/mechanical and chemical interference, excludes absorption of fat soluble vitamins, primarily Vitamin A?

A

Giardia lamblia

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32
Q

What is the Geographical distribution of Giardia lamblia?

A

Cosmopolitan (warm climates)

-Epidemics in U.S. regions, Europe, and Soviet Union

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33
Q

What is the infective form of Giardia Lamblia?

A

Cyst (Mature quadrinucleated) on contaminated water, food, or hands/fomites w/infective cysts

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34
Q

What is the diagnostic stage of Giardia Lamblia?

A

Cyst and Trophozoites in stool

-Trophozoites do not survive in environment

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35
Q

What is the Habitat of the Giardia lamblia parasite?

A

Small intestine

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36
Q

What are the Reservoir Host of the Giardia Lamblia?

A

Beavers
Small Mammals
Herbivores

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37
Q

What is the infective form and mode of infection for Giardia Lamblia?

A

-Infective: Mature quadrinucleated cyst
-Mode: Ingestion
(Springs, Creeks, Swimming Pools)

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38
Q

What is the specimen of choice for Laboratory identification of Giardia Lamblia parasite?

A

Duodenal Contents

Feces

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39
Q

Why must several stool samples be collected for possible Giardia lamblia infection?

A

Cysts passed on cyclical basis

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40
Q

What test is used to recover Duodenal contents when looking for Giardia lamblia?

A

Enterotest capsule

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41
Q

Trophozoite form of Giardia Lamblia has what appearance on Laboratory Identification?

A

Trophozoite Form: “Wry Little Face”

  • Shape: Pear-shaped
    • Dorsal: Convex
    • Ventral: Concave w/sucking disc
  • Nucleus: Two (bi-symmetrical arrangement)
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42
Q

The Cytoplasm of the Trophozoite form (“wry little face”) of Giardia Lamblia has what appearance on Laboratory Identification?

A

Flagella: 8

  • Anterior: 2 (cross midline)
  • Ventral: 4 (2 behind ventral notch; 2 behind median bodies)
  • Caudal: 2 (extending from posterior end)
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43
Q

Cyst form of Giardia Lamblia has what appearance on Laboratory Identification?

A

-Shape: Ovoid to Ellipsoidal
-Nuclei: 2 to 4
-Cytoplasm:
(Remnants of retracted flagella; axonemes and median bodies)
(Intercystic space between cytoplasm and cyst wall)

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44
Q

Pathogenicity in females causes vaginitis, pruritus, strawberry cervix and males Urethritis, prostatovesiculitis, what parasite?

A

Trichomonas Vaginalis

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45
Q

What is the habitat and mode of infection for Trichomonas Vaginalis?

A
  • Habitat: Genitourinary Tract

- Mode: Sexual Contact

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46
Q

What is the specimen of choice for Trichomonas Vaginalis?

A
  • Vaginal and Urethral discharges

- Prostatic Exudates

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47
Q

The Trophozoite of Trichomonas Vaginalis can be identified by flagella and undulating membrane, give the number of each?

A

Flagella: 4 Anterior

Undulating Membrane: 1/3 to 1/2 length of organism

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48
Q

What can be a Sexually transferred infection is considered nonpathogenic, often recovered from diarrheic stools, and is prominent in homosexual communities?

A

Pentatrichomonas hominis

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49
Q

What is the Habitat and Mode of Infection of Pentatrichomonas hominis?

A

Habitat: Colon
Mode: Ingestion, Direct contact/Sexual contact

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50
Q

Describe the Trophozoite flagella and undulating membrane of the Pentatrichomonas hominis?

A

Flagella: 5 Anterior and 1 Posterior

Undulating Membrane: Full length of Organism

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51
Q

What is the specimen of choice for the Laboratory Identification of Pentatrichomonas Hominis?

A

Feces

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52
Q

What is the Diagnostic Stage of Pentatrichomonas Hominis infection?

A

Trophozoite in feces

53
Q

What is the infectious stage of Pentatrichomonas Hominis infection?

A
  • Trophozoite in feces

- Ingestion of Contaminated water, food, hands/fomites w/trophozoites

54
Q

What is the cause of balantidiasis and balantidial dysentery?

A

Dalantidium Coli

55
Q

Diarrhea and secondary complications arise from Balantidium Coli invasion of intestinal mucosa and submucosa, how does it cause damage?

A

Mechanical Action
-Lytic Action: Hyaluronidase
ONLY PATHOGENIC CILIATE

56
Q

What is the Geographical Distribution of Balantidium Coli?

A

Cosmopolitan w/higher frequency in swine raising areas

57
Q

What is the habitat and reservoir host of Balantidium Coli?

A

Habitat: Cecum
Reservoir: Swine, hogs

58
Q

What is the infective form and Mode of infection of Balantidium coli?

A

Infective form: Cyst stage

Mode: Ingestion

59
Q

What parasite has a Trophozoite form that has a Sac-like appearance w/two nuclei and whose name means “little bag”?

A

Balantidium Coli

60
Q

Describe the Nuclei of the Balantidium Coli Trophozoite form?

A

Macronucleus: Large; elongated (Kidney-bean shape)
Micronucleus: Minute, spherical

61
Q

Describe the Cytoplasm of the Balantidium Coli Trophozoite form?

A

Cytopyge: Excretory opening at posterior end of cell

Contractile Vacuoles: 1-2 pulsating (osmoregulatory)

62
Q

What parasite migrates to the brain via olfactory nerves causing Primary Amebic Meningoencephalitis (PAM), w/CNS involvement and rapid progression w/high mortality?

A

Naegleria Fowleri

63
Q

What is the Geographical Distribution of Naegleria Fowleri?

A 
Australia
New Zealand
S. America
Africa
Southern Europe
Southern U.S.
64
Q

What is the habitat of Naegleria fowleri?

A

Meninges of Cerebrum
Cerebellum
Spinal Cord

65
Q

What is the infective form and Mode of infection for Naegleria fowleri?

A

Infective form: Amoebiod Trophozoite

Mode: Active Penetration through Nasal Passages

66
Q

What is the specimen of choice for Laboratory identification?

A

Cerebral Spinal Fluid

Trophozoite in CSF start treatment

67
Q

What is the common name for Trypanosoma brucei?

A

African Sleeping Sickness

68
Q

Trypanosoma Brucei Gambiense is known as what?

A

West African Sleeping Sickness

69
Q

Trypanosoma Brucei Rhodesiense is known as what?

A

East African Sleeping Sickness

70
Q

What parasite is considered to be nonpathogenic in the mouth, however it’s habitat is the mouth and mode of infection is Direct Contact?

A

Trichomonas Tenax

71
Q

What is the Specimen of choice for Trichomonas tenax?

A

Gingival Scrapings

72
Q

Describe the Trophozoite form of Trichomonas tenax? Flagella and undulating membrane.

A

Flagella: 4 Anterior

Undulating Membrane: 1/2 to 2/3 length of organism

73
Q

What are the prominent Acanthamoeba species that cause subacute, chronic Meningoencephalitis?

A
  • Acanthamoeba Castellani

- Acanthamoeba Culbertsoni

74
Q

What is the Geographical distribution of Acanthamoeba species?

A

Cosmopolitan

-Most cases in U.S.

75
Q

What is the infective stage of Acanthamoeba species?

A

Cysts and Trophozoite

76
Q

What ways will the cyst or Throphozoites of Acanthamoeba species enter the human body?

A
  • Eye
  • Nasal Passages to lower Respiratory tract
  • Ulcerated broken skin
77
Q

What results from Acanthamoeba species infection with entry through the eye?

A

Severe Keratitis of the eye

78
Q

What results from Acanthamoeba species infection with entry through the Nasal Passages to the lower respiratory tract?

A
  • Granulomatous amebic encephalitis (GAE)

- Disseminated disease in immune compromised patients

79
Q

What results from Acanthamoeba species infection with entry through ulcerated or broken skin?

A
  • Granulomatous Amebic Encephalitis (GAE)
  • Disseminated disease
  • Skin Lesions in immune compromised patients
80
Q

What is the habitat of the Acanthamoeba species?

A

Free Living typically

  • Skin
  • CNS
  • Corneal region of eye
81
Q

What are the reservoir hosts of Acanthamoeba species?

A

Variety of mammals and invertebrates

Oysters, grasshoppers, snails

82
Q

What is the infective form and mode of infection of Acanthamoeba spp.?

A
  • Infective Form: Amebic Trophozoites or Cysts

- Mode: Uncertain

83
Q

What is the specimen of choice for Acanthamoeba spp. Laboratory Identification?

A

Exudates
Tissue Sections
CSF

84
Q

Acanthamoeba spp. requires differentiation from what?

A

N. Fowleri

85
Q

The Acanthamoeba spp. does not have what stage of development?

A

Flagellated Stage

86
Q

The presence of Trophozoites and cysts in tissue is indicative of what?

A

Acanthamoeba spp.

87
Q

What are the Three types of Diseases Leishmania causes?

A
  • Visceral Leishmaniasis
  • Cutaneous Leishmaniasis
  • Mucocutaneous Leishmaniasis
88
Q

What is the common name for Leishmania Donovani (Leishmania donovani complex)?

A

Kala-azar

Dum-Dum Fever

89
Q

What is the pathogenesis of Visceral Leishmaniasis caused by Leishmania Donovani?

A
  • Darkening of skin (Kala-azar, Black Poison)
  • Destruction of reticuloendothelial cells and Histiocytes
  • Hepatosplenomegaly
  • Fatal (95% untreated)
90
Q

What provides immunity from Visceral Leishmaniasis caused by Leishmania donovani if patient recovered from initial infection?

A

Gamma Globulins

91
Q

What is the geographical distribution of Leishmania donovani?

A 
South America
Central America
Mediterranean Regions
Central Africa
Asia (India)
92
Q

What is the common name of Leishmania tropica?

A

Oriental sore

93
Q

What presents as shallow, dry scaly ulcerated lesions initially and will become crater-like w/thickened edges, leaving patient disfigured and is seldom fatal? Secondary bacterial infection are common.

A

Cutaneous Leishmaniasis caused by Leishmania Tropica

94
Q

What confers immunity from Cutaneous Leishmaniasis caused by Leishmania Tropica?

A

Self-Healing process

95
Q

What is the geographical distribution of Leishmania tropica?

A

Mediterranean Region
Latin America
East and Central Africa

96
Q

What is the common name of Leishmania major?

A

BAGHDAD BOIL

97
Q

What is the pathogenesis of the Cutaneous Leishmaniasis caused by Leishmania Major (Baghdad Boil)?

A
  • Initial: Shallow, dry scaly ulcerated lesion
  • Ulceration: Crater w/thick edges
  • Secondary bacterial infection common
  • Ulcers leave disfiguration
  • Seldom fatal
  • Immunity: Self-healing confers immunity
98
Q

What is the Geographical Distribution of the Baghdad Boil (Leishmania Major)?

A 
Middle East
Northern Africa
China
India
(Cases. U.S. military serving in Iraq)
99
Q

What is the common name of Leishmania Braziliensis and Leishmania Panamensis?

A

Espundia
Uta
Chiclero Ulcer

100
Q

What is the pathogenesis of the Mucocutaneous Leishmaniasis brought on by L. Braziliensis or L. Panamensis?

A
  • Ulcer w/moist center
  • Secondary Lesions: Destruction of nasal septum; necrotic tissue
  • Marked deformities
  • FREQUENTLY FATAL
101
Q

What is the habitat of Leishmania?

A

Phagocytic Macrophages of Reticuloendothelial system

102
Q

What is the intermediate and Reservoir host of Leishmania?

A
  • Intermediate: SANDFLIES (genus Phlebotomus)

- Reservoir: Cats, Dogs, Other Mammals

103
Q

What is the Infective Stage and Mode of Infection of Leishmania?

A

Infective: Promastigote
Mode: Injection by bite of vector

104
Q

For the Laboratory Identification of Leishmania what are the specimen sources?

A
  • Tissue Impression: smears and sections
  • Exudates or Scraping of lesions
  • Buffy Coat Preparation of venous blood
  • Culture on Novy, MacNeal, and Nicolle medium
  • Animal inoculation: Hamsters
  • Serological testing
105
Q

What stain is used for the tissue impression smears and sections of the Lab Id for Leishmania?

A

Wright-Giemsa

Looking for Amastigotes

106
Q

What parasite has a pathogenesis of localized inflammation near entry site, invasion of lymph nodes, invasion of CNS, and is often fatal if untreated?

A

Trypanosoma Brucei

107
Q

In the pathogenesis of Trypanosoma Brucei if invasion of lymph nodes occurs, which lymph nodes are involved and what is the name of this sign?

A
  • Posterior Cervical Lymph nodes

- Winterbottom’s Sign

108
Q

What signs and symptoms will be seen in the pathogenesis of Trypanosoma brucei infection involving the CNS?

A

-Disinclination to exertion and lack of interest
-Reflexes retarded:
(Difficulty in articulation)
(Incoherent Speech)
(Loss of Coordination)
-Lapses of diurnal sleep
-Coma: Usually Terminal

109
Q

What is the Duration of Trypanosoma Brucei Gambiense (West African Sleeping Sickness) infection?

A

Chronic- lasts several years

110
Q

What is the Duration of Trypanosoma Brucei Rhodesiense (East African Sleeping Sickness) infection?

A
  • -Easily cured during circulatory invasion

- Fatal in 12-18 months

111
Q

What is the Geographical Distribution of Trypanosoma Brucei Gambiense (West African Sleeping Sickness)?

A

Western and Central Africa

Vectors breed in shady, moist, riverine areas

112
Q

What is the Geographical Distribution of Trypanosoma Brucei Rhodesiense (East African Sleeping Sickness)?

A

Eastern and Central Africa
(Pupate in dry, open country)
(Range is smaller than T. brucei gambiense)

113
Q

What is the Intermediate host (Vector) for the Trypanosoma Brucei parasite?

A

Tsetse Flies (Glossina spp.)

114
Q

What is the habitat of the Trypanosoma Brucei parasite? which is associated w/Domestic animals and which with Game Animals

A 
Circulatory system
CNS
Lymph nodes
Spleen 
Other Organs
(T. Brucei Gambiense: Domestic Animals)
(T. Brucei Rhodesiense: Game Animals)
115
Q

What is the infective stage and mode of infection for Trypanosoma Brucei?

A
  • Infective Stage: Metacyclic Trypomastigote

- Mode: Bite of Tsetse flies

116
Q

What is the specimen of choice for Lab Id of Trypanosoma Brucei?

A

Blood

CSF

117
Q

What are the immunodiagnostic methods used for Lab Id of Trypanosoma Brucei?

A
  • IgM levels
  • ELISA detect Ag in serum
  • Indirect fluorescent Ab
  • Confusion w/cross reaction to animal trypanosomes
118
Q

What is the common name of Trypanosoma cruzi?

A

Chagas disease

119
Q

What parasite’s pathogenesis includes Romana’s sign, Cardiomyopathy, Mega-disease, and is frequently fatal?

A

-South American Trypanosomiasis caused by Trypanosoma Cruzi (Chagas Disease)

120
Q

What is Romana’s sign as caused by S. American Trypaosomiasis which is caused by Chagas disease (Trypanosoma Cruzi)?

A

Chagoma: Periorbital Swelling

Localized severe inflammation

121
Q

S. American Trypanosomiasis involvement with invasion of host cells heart causes what?

A

Cardiomyopathy

  • Multiple Cardiac Symptoms
  • Congestive Heart Failure
122
Q

What is Mega-Disease, which can been seen in infection of S. American Trypanosomiasis (Trypanosoma Cruzi)?

A
  • Enlargement of Visceral Organs
  • Dilatation of Digestive Tract
  • Frequently fatal
123
Q

What is the Geographical Distribution of Trypanosoma Cruzi?

A
  • Latin America and South America

- Zoonosis in a variety of reservoir hosts

124
Q

What is the Habitat of Trypanosoma Cruzi?

A

Circulatory and Reticuloendothelial systems
Heart
Bone Marrow

125
Q

What is the intermediate and Reservoir Host of Trypanosoma Cruzi?

A
  • Intermediate Hosts (VECTOR): REDUVIID BUGS (KISSING BUGS)

- Reservoir Host: Various Mammal, wood rats, opossums, armadillos

126
Q

What is the infective stage and mode of infection of Trypanosoma Cruzi?

A

Infective: Metacyclic Trypomastigote
Mode: Contamination of infected bug feces in bite wound and transfusion and organ transplant

127
Q

What is the specimen of choice for Lab Id of Trypanosoma Cruzi?

A

Blood

Tissue Biopsies

128
Q

What other lab methods may be used to Id Trypanosoma Cruzi?

A
  • IgG and IgM levels
  • Immunodiagnostic Tests
  • Culture: NNN Medium
  • Xenodiagnosis: recovery of infective form from pt

Microbiology IPAP 3-17 (16 decks)

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