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Microbiology IPAP 3-17 > Test 4: Trematodes (Flukes) > Flashcards

Test 4: Trematodes (Flukes) Flashcards

1
Q

What parasite has an incomplete digestive tract containing a mouth, pharynx, and esophagus, and blind-sac intestines (ceca)?

A

Trematoda

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2
Q

What is the largest subclass of Trematoda, which are found in every major organ, includes all trematodes that parasitize man?

A

Digenea

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3
Q

Describe the general body shape of the Class Trematoda: Flukes.

A
  • Flattened dorso-ventrally
  • Leaf-shaped
  • Monozoic (one body part)
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4
Q

How many Suckers and describe them, do Class Trematoda: Flukes have?

A

Two

  • Oral Sucker: Mouth
  • Ventral Sucker: Acetabulum (Hold-fast organ)
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5
Q

What is the common name of paragonimus westermani?

A

Lung Fluke

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6
Q

What is the pathogenesis of the Lung Fluke (Paragonimus Westermani)?

A
  • Tuberculosis-like symptoms
  • Lung damage: Fibrosis
  • Migratory tissue damage
  • Extra Pulmonary Abscesses
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7
Q

What is the treatment for the Lung Fluke?

A

Praziquantel

Bithionol

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8
Q

The Lung fluke has a geographical distribution where?

A

Asia
S. America
Africa
India

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9
Q

What is the mode of infection for the lung fluke?

A

Ingestion

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10
Q

What is the habitat for the lung fluke (Paragonimus Westermani)?

A

Lung

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11
Q

What are the intermediate host for the Lung Fluke?

A

1st: Snail
2nd: Crab or Crayfish

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12
Q

What is the reservoir host for the Lung Fluke?

A

Piscivores (Fish-eating animals)

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13
Q

In the life cycle of the Lung Fluke what is the infective form?

A

Metacercaria: Ingested in inadequately cooked or pickled crustaceans

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14
Q

In the laboratory identification of the Lung Fluke what is the specimen of choice?

A

Sputum (also feces)

  • Sputum exam
  • Formalin-ethyl acetate (FEA)
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15
Q

What other tests may be used to diagnosis the lung fluke?

A
  • X-ray
  • Biopsies
  • Immunodiagnostic test: ELISA, immunoblot, monoclonal Ab
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16
Q

What is the shape and color of the Ova of a Lung Fluke?

A

Shape: Oval
Color: Golden Brown

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17
Q

The Ova of the Lung Fluke has what at the broad end, w/what kind of thickening, and what kind of content?

A
  • Oerculum
  • Content: Yolk mass, variable size granules in yolk
  • Abopercular thickening
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18
Q

What is an Adult Lung Fluke identified?

A
  • Shape: Oval Body
  • Color: Reddish-brown
  • Intestinal Ceca: Undulating
  • Testes: Deeply lobate and para
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19
Q

What is the common name of Fasciola hepatica?

A

Sheep Liver Fluke

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20
Q

What is the pathogenesis of Fasciola Hepatica (Sheep Liver Fluke)?

A
  • Mechanical destruction of liver tissue

- Fibrosis

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21
Q

What is the treatment of the Sheep Liver Fluke (Fasciola Hepatica)?

A

Bithionol

Dehydroemetine

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22
Q

Where is Fasciola Hepatica (Sheep Liver Fluke) found?

A

Worldwide; Sheep raising countries

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23
Q

What is the diagnostic stage in the life cycle of the sheep liver fluke?

A

Unembroynated eggs passed in feces

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24
Q

What is the infective stage of the life cycle of the sheep liver fluke (fasciola hepatica)?

A

Metacercariae: on water plant ingested by human, sheep, cattle

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25
Q

What is the habitat of the Sheep Liver Fluke (Fasciola hepatica)?

A

Bile passages of the liver

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26
Q

What are the intermediates hosts of the sheep liver fluke?

A

1st: Snail
2nd: Fresh water vegetation

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27
Q

The reservoir hosts for the Sheep Liver Fluke are?

A

Herbivores

Carnivores

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28
Q

What is the infective form of the Sheep Liver Fluke (Fasciola Hepatica)?

A

Metacercaria

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29
Q

What is the mode of infection of Fasciola Hepatica?

A

Ingestion

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30
Q

What is the specimen of choice for laboratory identification?

A

Feces (Formalin-ethyl acetate (FEA))

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31
Q

The Fasciola hepatica Ova has what shape and color?

A

Hen’s egg; oval

Light yellowish brown

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32
Q

The sheep liver fluke Ova Content has what appearance and this is present but indistinct?

A

Yolk mass; fills the egg

Operculum-present but indistinct

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33
Q

The adult form of the Sheep Lung Fluke has what shape, color, and intestinal ceca?

A
  • Shape: Leaf-like, prominent cephalic cone
  • Color: Brownish
  • Intestinal ceca: Branched
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34
Q

What is the common name of Fasciolopsis buski?

A

Giant Intestinal Fluke

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35
Q

What is the pathogenesis of the Giant Intestinal Fluke (Fasciolopsis buski)?

A
  • Intestinal upset/obstruction
  • Toxemia
  • Inflammation
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36
Q

Treatment for Giant Intestinal Fluke (Fasciolopsis buski) infection?

A

Praziquantel

Niclosamide

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37
Q

What is the geographical distribution for the Giant Intestinal Fluke?

A

Southeast Asia

India

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38
Q

What is the habitat of the Giant Intestinal Fluke (Fasciolopsis buski)?

A

Small intestines

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39
Q

Name the intermediate host of Fasciolopsis buski (Giant Intestinal Fluke)?

A

1st: Snail
2nd: Aquatic vegetation

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40
Q

What are the reservoir host of the Giant Intestinal Fluke (Fasciolopsis buski)?

A

Pigs, dogs, and rabbits

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41
Q

What is the infective form and mode of infection of the Giant Intestinal Fluke?

A

Metacercaria via ingestion

42
Q

What is the specimen of choice for laboratory identification of the Giant intestinal fluke?

A

Feces (FEA)

43
Q

The Fasciolopsis buski (Giant Intestinal Fluke) Ova content appears as what?

A

Yolk mass w/uniformly distributed granules

44
Q

Lab Id of the adult form of the Giant Intestinal Fluke (Fasicolopsis buski), size, shape, color, intestinal ceca, and testes?

A
  • Size: 25-45mm long by 8-12mm wide
  • Shape: leaf-like, no cephalic cone
  • Color: flesh-colored
  • Intestinal ceca: Undulating
  • Testes: Dendritic and tandem
45
Q

What is the common name for Clonorchis sinensis?

A

Chinese Liver Fluke

46
Q

What is the pathogenesis of the Chinese Liver Fluke (Clonorchis sinensis)?

A
  • Cirrhosis: bile ducts swelling
  • Blockage: Bile passages
  • Multiple infections: up to 21,000 adults per host
47
Q

What is the treatment for infection w/ Chinese Liver Fluke (Clonorchis sinensis)?

A

Praziquantel
Chloroquine
Bithionol

48
Q

The Chinese Liver Fluke is found where?

A

Asia

49
Q

What is the diagnostic stage in the life cycle of Clonorchiasis (Clonorchis sinensis, Chinese Liver Fluke)?

A

Embryonated eggs passed in feces

50
Q

What is the habitat for the Chinese Liver Fluke (Clonorchis sinensis)?

A

Bile Passages of Liver

51
Q

What are the intermediate host of the Chinese Liver Fluke (Clonorchis Sinensis)?

A

1st: Snail
2nd: Fish

52
Q

What is the reservoir host of the Chinese Liver Fluke (Clonorchis Sinensis)?

A

Piscivores

53
Q

What is the infective form and the mode of infection for the Chinese Liver Fluke (Clonorchis Sinensis)?

A

Metacercaria via Ingestion

54
Q

What is the specimen of choice for lab id of the Chinese Liver Fluke (Clonorchis Sinensis)?

A

Feces (FEA)

55
Q

What is significant of the OVA shape for lab id of the Chinese Liver Fluke (Clonorchis Sinensis)?

A
  • Shape: Vase-like
  • Color: Yellowish brown
  • Operculum: Present, Pronounced
  • Content: Asymmetrical miracidium, “BOXER’s GLOVE” appearance
  • Abopercular comma: May be seen
  • Broad opercular shoulders
56
Q

For lab id of the adult form what is the size, shape, color, intestinal ceca, and testes characteristics of the Chinese Liver Fluke (Clonorchis Sinensis)?

A
  • Size: 10-20mm long by 2-5mm wide
  • Shape: Oval, Elongated
  • Color: Cream, pinkish tint
  • Intestinal ceca: Straight
  • Testes: Dendritic and tandem
57
Q

The Scistosoma spp. is also known as what?

A

Blood Flukes

58
Q

Schistosomiasis is also known as what?

A

Bilharzia (bilharziasis) or

Snail Fever

59
Q

What factors affect the pathogenesis (varies w/spp.)?

A
  • Number of ova produced
  • Reinfection
  • Nutritional state of host
60
Q

What occurs with the Cercarial penetration of the schistosoma spp.?

A
  • Localized cutaneous lesions
  • Allergenic reactions
  • Toxic Reactions: Eosinophilia
  • Abd edema and ascites
  • Intestinal ulceration and necrosis
61
Q

What is the treatment for Schistosoma spp. infections?

A

Praziquantel

Oxamniquine

62
Q

For a Schistoma haematobium infection what is the drug of choice?

A

Metrifonate

63
Q

For Lab id what is the Specimen of Choice for S. Japonicum, S. Mansoni, S. haematobium?

A 
S. japonicum: feces
S. mansoni: feces
S. haematobium: Urine
FEA for feces
Micro for urine
64
Q

What other Laboratory tests may be used to id Schistoma infections?

A
  • Intradermal test
  • Ova hatching test
  • Indirect hemagglutination
  • Indirect fluorescent Ab
  • Rectal biopsy
  • ELISA tests
65
Q

In the lab id of the ova of Schistosoma what is the chief characteristic?

A
  • Chief characteristic: Spin location/size

- No operculum

66
Q

The lab id of an adult male form shape of schistosoma is characterized by what?

A
  • Flattened and rolled forms a gynecophoral groove

- Resembles: taco shell

67
Q

The lab id of an adult female form shape of schistosoma is characterized by what?

A
  • Slender and cylindrical

- fits in the groove of the male

68
Q

The lab id of an adult form schistosoma is characterized by what color, testes, rejoined ceca?

A
  • Color: tan to gray
  • Testes: # characteristics
  • Rejoined ceca: length of reunited stem varies w/spp.
69
Q

What is the common name of Schistosoma japonicum?

A

Oriental Blood Fluke

70
Q

What is the pathogenesis of the Oriental Blood Fluke (Schistosoma japonicum)?

A
  • Most pathogenic: produces most eggs per day
  • Hepatic and pulmonary lesions
  • CNS involvement
71
Q

What is the geographical distribution of the Oriental Blood Fluke (Schistosoma japonicum)?

A

Far East

72
Q

What is the habitat of the Oriental Blood Fluke (Schistosoma japonicum)?

A

Venules of small intestine

73
Q

The Oriental Blood Fluke (Schistosoma japonicum) has what intermediate and reservoir hosts?

A
  • Intermediate: Fresh water snail (Oncomelania)

- Reservoir: Mammals exposed to contaminated water

74
Q

What is the infective form and mode of infection of Schistosoma japonicum (Oriental Blood Fluke)?

A

Cercaria via Active penetration

75
Q

Lab id via the Ova form, shows a size, shape, color, content, and spine characteristics of the Oriental Blood Fluke?

A
  • Size: Medium
  • Shape: Ovoid
  • Color: Yellowish-brown
  • Content: Miracidium
  • Spine: Inconspicuous, lateral
76
Q

What is the common name of Schistosoma haematobium?

A

Vesical Blood Fluke

77
Q

What is the pathogenesis of the Vesical Blood Fluke (S. haematobium)?

A
  • Urogenital tract

- Liver

78
Q

What is the geographic distribution of the Vesical Blood Fluke (S. haematobium)?

A

Africa

Asia Minor

79
Q

What is the habitat of the Vesical blood fluke (s. haematobium)?

A

Venules of urinary bladder surrounding organs are affected

80
Q

What is the intermediate host of Schistosoma haematobium (Vesical blood fluke)?

A

Fresh water snail (Bulinus)

81
Q

What is the infective form and mode of infection of the vesical blood fluke (S. haematobium)?

A

Cercaria via Active penetration

82
Q

Describe the Size, Shape, Color, Content, and spine of the Vesical Blood Fluke (S. haematobium)?

A
  • Size: Large
  • Shape: Elongated
  • Color: Hyaline
  • Content: Miracidium
  • Spine: Conspicuous, terminal
83
Q

What is the common name for Schistosoma mansoni?

A

Manson’s blood fluke

84
Q

What is the pathogenesis of the Manson’s Blood Fluke (S. mansoni)?

A
  • Abd pain, cramping, diarrhea, bloody stools

- Hepatosplenomegaly

85
Q

The Manson’s Blood Fluke (S. Mansoni) is found where?

A

S. and Central America
Cuba
Puerto Rico
Africa

86
Q

What is the habitat of the Manson’s Blood Fluke (S. Mansoni)?

A

Venules of large intestine

87
Q

What is the intermediate host of the Manson’s Blood Fluke (S. mansoni)?

A

Fresh water snail (Biomphalaria)

88
Q

What is the reservoir host for S. mansoni (Manson’s Blood Fluke)?

A

Primates
Insectivores
Wild Rodents

89
Q

What is the infective form and mode of infection for Manson’s Blood Fluke (S. mansoni)?

A

Cercaria via active infection

90
Q

Describe the Size, Shape, Color, Content, and spine of the Manson’s Blood Fluke (S. mansoni)?

A 
Size: Large
Shape: Elongated
Color: Light Brown
Content: Miracidium
Spine: Conspicuous, lateral
91
Q

What is the common name for Metagonimus yokogawai/Heterophyes heterophyes?

A

Small Intestinal Fluke

92
Q

What is the pathogenesis of the Small Intestinal Fluke?

A

Intestinal upset

93
Q

What is the treatment for the Small Intestinal Fluke?

A

Praziquantel

Niclosamide

94
Q

What is the geographical distribution of the Small Intestinal Fluke (Metagonimus yokogawai/heterophyes heterophyes)?

A

Far East
Israel
Russia
Spain

95
Q

What is the habitat for the Small Intestinal Fluke?

A

Small Intestines

96
Q

What are the intermediate hosts for the Small Intestinal Fluke?

A

1st: Snail
2nd: Fish

97
Q

What are the reservoir hosts for the Small Intestinal Fluke?

A

Piscivores

Birds

98
Q

What is the infective form and mode of infection for the small intestinal fluke?

A

Metacercaria via Ingestion

99
Q

What is the specimen of choice for lab id of the small intestinal fluke?

A

Feces: (FEA)

100
Q

What does the Ova form of the small intestinal fluke not have?

A

No abopercular process

101
Q

The laboratory id of the adult form Metagonimus yokogawai, describe the size, shape, color, intestinal ceca, testes, acetabulum?

A
  • Size: .8-1.4mm long by .4-.7mm wide
  • Shape: Gourd-like
  • Color: Grayish
  • Intestinal ceca: Straight
  • Testes: Oval and Oblique
  • Off-center acetabulum
102
Q

The laboratory id of the adult form Heterophyes heterophyes, describe the size, shape, color, intestinal ceca, testes, acetabulum, anterior region?

A
  • Size: 1-1.7mm long by .35mm wide
  • Shape: teardrop
  • Color: grayish
  • Intestinal ceca: Straight but split
  • Tested: Oval
  • Medio-center acetabulum
  • Scaly anterior region
  • Retractile sucker
  • Armed w/hooklets

Microbiology IPAP 3-17 (16 decks)

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