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Microbiology IPAP 3-17 > Module 1: Immunology > Flashcards

Module 1: Immunology Flashcards

1
Q

Define: Immunology

A

Study of Chemical and Cellular defense against foreign substances

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2
Q

Define: Immunity

A

Body’s resistance to disease-causing microorganisms and damage by foreign substances

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3
Q

Innate Host Response is also called?

A

Natural/Native Immunity

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4
Q

What is Innate Host Response (Natural/Native Immunity)?

A

Non-specific, general recognition and response to “foreign” substance.

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5
Q

What kind of Barriers are used in Innate Host Response (Natural/Native Immunity)?

A

Physical and Chemical Barriers (e.g. Skin and mucous; certain proteins in blood and specific tissue cells; inflammation, phagocytosis)

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6
Q

What determines the nature of the Innate Host Response (Natural/Native Immunity)?

A

Route of transmission or portal of entry and type of microbe

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7
Q

What other names can Adaptive Immunity Response have?

A

Acquired Immunity Response or Induced Immunity Response

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8
Q

What is Adaptive (Acquired/Induced) Immunity Response?

A
  • Specific response to “foreign” substance (usually microbe)
  • Pre-committed cells and tissues respond against the “foreign” substance
    - Chemical actions from certain cells
    - Antibodies specifically against the microbe
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9
Q

What is Immune Response?

A

A sequence of related host defense events beginning when a host encounters a substance as being “foreign” or “non-self” and leading to cellular and chemical defensive action

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10
Q

Define: Antigen (Ag)

A

A foreign substance, such as microorganism, which triggers the immune response.

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11
Q

Define: Antibody (Ab) [Immunoglobulin (Ig)]

A

Antigen-specific proteins which bind to the antigen and assist in inactivating the antigen

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12
Q

Define: Phagocytes

A

Certain White Blood cells that ingest and digest (kill) invading microbes

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13
Q

What role do the Lymph nodes and Spleen play in immunity?

A

Site of some immune response activities

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14
Q

What cells originate in the Bone Marrow?

A

Stem Cells

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15
Q

What cells will the stem cell mature into?

A
  • Erythrocyte (Red Blood Cell)
  • Neutrophils
  • Eosinophil
  • Basophil
  • Monocyte
  • Lymphocytes
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16
Q

White blood cells are also called?

A

Leukocytes

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17
Q

Which Leukocytes are classified as Granulocytes?

A

Neutrophils
Eosinophil
Basophil

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18
Q

What are the characteristics of a Neutrophil?

A
  • Primary phagocytic Cell
  • Mature at rate of 10^10
  • Circulate about 6.5 hrs. Then adhere to endothelium of blood vessels and wait to respond to inflammation
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19
Q

Which Leukocyte is numerous in allergic responses.

A

Eosinophils

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20
Q

Which Leukocyte (White Blood Cell) is involved in the inflammatory process?

A

Basophils

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21
Q

This Leukocyte is moderately phagocytic. Matures into Macrophages and dendritic cells. Responds to inflammation signals.

A

Monocyte

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22
Q

The primary Phagocyte Cells are?

A

Macrophages and Neutrophils

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23
Q

A Macrophage is how many times larger than a monocyte when mature?

A

10 times

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24
Q

What are some key characteristics of Macrophages?

A
  • Large phagocytic cells (mature from monocyte)
  • Major Phagocytic cells, not as numerous as neutrophils
  • Possess many broad-specificity receptors enabling it to capture a wide range of pathogens
  • Major line of defense (Phagocytosis and antigen presentation) against invading microbes and abnormal or defective host cells
  • Can serve as Antigen-Presenting Cells (APC)
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25
Q

Define: Innate Host Response (Natural/Native Immunity)

A

Nonspecific, general response to “foreign” substances, including INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE. (Not directly part of the immune system)

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26
Q

What types of response occurs with Innate Host Response?

A

Physical and Chemical Barriers

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27
Q

How is defense accomplished with physical and chemical barriers in Innate Host Response?

A
  • Skin and Mucous
  • Certain proteins in blood and from specific tissue cells
  • Phagocytosis
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28
Q

What determines the nature of the response?

A

Route of transmission or portal of entry and type of microbe.

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29
Q

Characteristics of Inflammatory Response?

A

Chemicals in serum and tissues respond to antigen presence- kinins, fibrinopeptides, clotting factors, lysozyme, histamine, cytokines, etc..

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30
Q

What occurs in a chemical response?

A
  • Vasodilation and increased permeability of capillaries (blood vessels become “leaky”
  • “Call” phagocytic white blood cells to move to the site of invasion and assist in killing (removing) the invading microbe.
  • Phagocytosis occurs, often producing pus (debris of phagocytes and bacteria) and swelling
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31
Q

What is phagocytosis?

A

Antigenic substance is engulfed and digested by certain white blood cells. (Phagocyte will have a sticky surface)

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32
Q

What are the primary cells involved in Phagocytosis?

A

Macrophage and Neutrophil

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33
Q

What is Chemotaxis?

A
  • Movement of phagocyte toward the site of inflammation/intrusion.
  • “Called by cellular products or complement components (C5a)
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34
Q

What is adherence (phagocytosis process)?

A

Phagocyte adheres to antigen/intruder

May be hindered by bacterial capsule or surface protein

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35
Q

Describe Ingestion during phagocytosis?

A
  • Pseudopod of phagocyte surrounds the foreign material

- Phagocyte encloses the foreign material into a phagosome

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36
Q

How is digestion accomplished in phagocytosis?

A
  • Lysosomes (cytoplasmic granules) containing powerful digestive enzymes and bactericidal substances
  • Lysosomes combine with phagosomes forming phagolysosomes in which the foreign material is digested (killed)
  • Waste is discharged.
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37
Q

What is an Antigen (Ag)?

A

Specific “foreign” substance which STIMULATES an IMMUNE RESPONSE (immunogenic) when introduced into the body and REACTS with ANTIBODIES or T-CELL RECEPTORS

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38
Q

Characteristics of Antigens (Ag)?

A
  • Substance appears foreign to host’s immune system (May be human host’s body constituents (self) that are damaged or malfunctioning (autoimmunity)
  • Relatively large molecule (Molecular weight 10,000+)
  • Chemical nature- protein with complex 3-D Configuration
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39
Q

What factors contribute to the ability or quality of a molecule to be a good immunogen (ie. Quality and degree of host response)

A

Route, quantity, timing, and ability to be degraded

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40
Q

What is the name of the Antigenic Determinant site/portion of the antigen?

A

Epitope

41
Q

Define: Epitope

A

Specific part of the immunogen that specifies or determines the exact antibody to be produced.

42
Q

The epitope is the portion of the antigen that will combine with what?

A

Specific antibody or T-cell receptor

43
Q

Different epitopes (even on same Ag) will induce….

A

production of slightly different antibodies (Ab)

44
Q

What is the quality of the epitope based on?

A
  • Exposure to the immune system

- 3-dimensional shape of the molecule

45
Q

What is an Immunoglobulin (Ig) [Antibody (Ab)]?

A

Antigen specific proteins which bind to specific sites on antigens and assist in inactivating the Ag by attaching to it.

46
Q

Give the general characteristics of Immunoglobulins.

A
  • Antigen-specific glycoproteins (4-18% carbohydrate) produce/secreted by plasma cell (Sole function of plasma cells)
  • Categorized into Classes; Ig A, Ig, D, Ig E, Ig G, Ig M
47
Q

Describe the Basic Characteristics of Immunoglobulins (Ig) structure.

A
  • “Y” shaped with ends designated as Fab and Fc

- Fab (Fragment Antigen Binding) sites- antigen specific binding sites (2 Fab sites per monomeric molecule)

48
Q

A Fab is considered to be the ________ specificity for specific antigen.

A

“Lock and Key”

49
Q

Fc (Fragmented Complement-binding) region?

A

Binds to phagocyte (tail region of Ab that interacts with cell surface receptors called Fc receptors and some proteins of the complement system)

50
Q

What type of molecule is an immunoglobulin and it consist of?

A

Macromolecule with at least one monomer (one basic unit) comprised of two heavy chains and two light chains. Some classes are comprised of more than one monomer

51
Q

Describe the Heavy Chains of an immunoglobulin.

A
  • At least one pair, 50-70 kD m.W- identical to each other within macromolecule
  • Long chain of amino acids- 4-5 domains (110 amino acids each)
  • Constant region (CH
  • Variable region (VH)
52
Q

Characteristics of Constant Region (CH) of heavy chain of immunoglobulin.

A
  • Consists of 3 or 4 domains (CH1, CH2, CH3, CH4)
  • Determines class of immunoglobulin 5 amino acid sequences. igM, IgG, IgA, IgD, IgE
  • IgM and IgG have complement binding sites.
53
Q

Characteristics of Variable region (VH) of heavy chain of immunoglobulin.

A

-Amino acid sequence and 3-d structure accounts for ability to recognize and bind with a particular epitope

54
Q

Describe the light chains of immunoglobulin.

A
  • One pair; 23 kD m.w.
  • Short chain of amino acids
  • Constant region (CL)
  • Variable region (VL)
55
Q

Characteristics of Constant region (CL) of light chain of immunoglobulin.

A

-Two types (2 sequences)- Kappa and Lambda types (4 subtypes)

56
Q

Characteristics of Variable region (VL) of light chain of immunoglobulin.

A

Amino acid sequences vary from one immunoglobulin to another; match with variable region of corresponding heavy chain.

57
Q

What bond holds the chains together of an immunoglobulin?

A

Disulfide bonds

58
Q

The flexible “hinge” region on the pair of heavy chains allow for what?

A
  • Bend into a y or T Shape

- Shape changes necessary for binding with antigen and exposure of complement binding site

59
Q

Immunoglobulin molecule forms with how many antigen binding sites?

A

Two antigen binding sites

60
Q

The antigen binding sites are named what?

A

Fragment antigen binding

61
Q

How are the Fab sites formed?

A

Complementary shape of the variable regions of one heavy and variable region of one light chain

62
Q

What is the Fc Region of an immunoglobulin structure?

A

Fragment Complement-binding- site for complement activation and attachment to white blood cells

63
Q

What region of an immunoglobulin will bind to an epitope?

A

Variable region of the Fab

64
Q

What is lymphoid tissue?

A

Tissues where antigens interact with cells of the immune system

65
Q

What tissues are lymphoid tissues?

A

Lymph Nodes and Spleen

66
Q

What role do Lymph Nodes and Spleen play?

A

Pieces of the antigen are processed (filtered) through lymph nodes and/or spleen in a filtering manner where antigens come in contact with cells of the immune system. Those cells become activated to go into action (pre-determined type of action)

67
Q

How are Lymph Nodes utilized in the immune system?

A

Lymphatic fluid containing antigens and Antigen Presenting Cells flow through lymph nodes where the antigens encounter and activate pre-committed lymphocytes.

68
Q

Lymph nodes respond to what type of infections?

A

Local or Regional Infections

69
Q

How is the spleen utilized in the immune system?

A

Filters blood and traps blood-borne antigens/

70
Q

The Spleen responds to what type of infections?

A

Systemic Infections

71
Q

Where in the Lymph Node is the Ab production area?

A

Medula

72
Q

Where in the Lymph Node are T-lymphocytes and APC’s found?

A

Paracortex

73
Q

Within the Primary Follicle of the Lymph Node what lymphocyte is found?

A

B-Lymphocytes

74
Q

Within the white pulp of the Spleen Lobule what Lymphocyte is found?

A

T-Lymphocyte

75
Q

B-Lymphocytes are found within what area of the Spleen Lobule?

A

Follicle

76
Q

Name other Non-Thymic Lymphoid Tissue.

A
  • Mucosal-Associated Lymphoid Tissue (MALT)
  • Gut-Associated Lymphoid Tissue (GALT)
  • Tonsils
  • Bronchus-Associated Lymphoid Tissue (BALT)
77
Q

Gut-Associated Lymphoid Tissue (GALT) is found?

A

Appendix and Peyer’s Patches- Lymphoid nodules on outer wall of intestines

78
Q

What is a Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) proteins?

A

Proteins on the surface of tissue and blood cells which identify cells belonging to a specific individual.

79
Q

Recognition of Self vs Non-self is determined by?

A

Presence or absence of specific proteins on the human cell surface

80
Q

Describe a MHC Class I.

A
  • One amino acid chain

- Found on virtually every cell in the body

81
Q

Describe a MHC Class II.

A
  • Two Amino Acid Chains

- Found only on immunocompetent cells, particularly B-cells and macrophages

82
Q

Name the types of Lymphocytes?

A

T-Lymphocytes (T-cell)
B-Lymphocytes (B-cell)
Natural Killer (NK) Cells

83
Q

How are lymphocytes identified and differentiated?

A

Clusters of Differentiation (CD#)

84
Q

What are the characteristics of CDs (Clusters of Differentiation)?

A
  • Protein complexes on the surface of lymphocytes
  • Serve as receptors or attachment sites
  • Identify different stages of lymphocyte development
85
Q

What are the steps taken during Phagocytosis?

A
  • Chemotaxis
  • Adherence
  • Ingestion
  • Digestion
86
Q

These are specific to an antigen and to which a cell is “pre-committed” and they develop as attachment sites for specific types of foreign antigen molecules.

A

Antigen-Specific Surface Receptors (T-cell Receptors [TCR] and B-cell Receptors [BCR])

87
Q

What is Immune Tolerance?

A

Mature lymphocytes will be tolerant of antigens on our own “self” MHC molecules. No immune response against them.

88
Q

Where do T-lymphocytes (T-cells) mature and then concentrate?

A

Thymus and concentrate in Lymph nodes

89
Q

The thymus decreases and stops producing T-cells as we age. What does this mean about T-cells?

A

T-cells are self replicating

90
Q

Name the T-cell Surface markers.

A
  • CD3- identifies mature T-cell
  • CD28- receives activation co-signal from CD80/86 molecule on APC
  • CD40-receptor(CD40-R) (CD4 cell, TH cell)- binds with CD-40 molecule on B-cell
  • LFA-1 (Leukocyte Function-associated Antigen-1)- Adhesion molecule on T-cells
91
Q

T-cell Receptors (TCR) are

A

Antigen Specific

92
Q

Subpopulations (CD receptors) develop with specific functions, and are identified by CD’s present. Name some.

A

CD4- Helper (TH1, TH2)
CD8- Cytotoxic
CTL (Cytotoxic T-lymphocyte)

93
Q

Where do B-lymphocytes (B-cells) mature and then concentrate?

A

Bone Marrow

Concentrate- peripheral lymphoid tissues (Spleen, MALT, Lymph nodes, and bone marrow)

94
Q

What CD surface markers are found on B-cells?

A

CD40- binding with certain T-lymphocytes
CD19, CD20, CD21- Used for Identification
CD80/86- Produced when B-cell acts as APC and does not initially have. (Used to bind to T-cells)

95
Q

B-cell Receptors (BCR) are

A

Antigen Specific (cell may carry 100,000 molecules)

96
Q

When activated B-cells differentiate into?

A

Plasma Cells- manufacture immunoglobulins

97
Q

Plasma Cells Manufacture what?

A

Immunoglobulins (Ig)

98
Q

B-cells can act as what when they bind to an Ag and present it to T-cells?

A

Antigen-Presenting Cells (APC)

99
Q

What significant surface molecules do Antigen-Presenting Cells (APC) have?

A
  • MHC-II- Carries a piece of digested Ag for Ag recognition
  • CD80/86 (B7-1 and B7-2)- Co-Activation molecules
  • ICAM-1 (Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1)- principal binding receptor for LFA-1 (Leukocyte Function-associated Antigen-1)
  • LFA-3- binding molecule for CD2

Microbiology IPAP 3-17 (16 decks)

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