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Bancroft: AP1 > Test #5 - Class 8: Articulations; Class 9: Articulations, Movements and Ligaments > Flashcards

Test #5 - Class 8: Articulations; Class 9: Articulations, Movements and Ligaments Flashcards

1
Q

How many ways can joints (articulations) be classified?

A

2 ways to classify

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2
Q

What are the 2 ways joints (articulations) can be classified?

A
  1. By function; and 2. By structure
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3
Q

What does it mean to classify a joint (articulation) by function?

A

“How much movement is possible”

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4
Q

What does it mean to classify a joint (articulation) by structure?

A

“What holds the bones together”

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5
Q

How many functional joint classifications are there?

A

3 functional joint classifications

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6
Q

What are the 3 functional joint classifications to describe how much movement is possible?

A
  1. Synarthroses; 2. Amphiarthroses; and 3. Diarthroses
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7
Q

Functional Joint Classification: Synarthroses

A

A synarthrotic joint is an immoveable joint

e.g. sutures, sternum + 1st rib, distal tibia + fibula

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8
Q

Functional Joint Classification: Amphiarthroses

A

An amphiarthrotic joint is a slightly moveable joint.

e.g. sacroiliac joint [SI joint], pubic symphysis, intervertebral [between bodies]

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9
Q

Functional Joint Classification: Diarthroses

A

A diarthrotic joint is a freely moveable joint.

e.g. All other joints in the body

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10
Q

How many structural joint classifications are there?

A

3 structural joint classifications

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11
Q

What are the 3 structure joint classifications to describe what holds bones together?

A
  1. Fibrous; 2. Cartilaginous; and 3. Synovial
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12
Q

Structural Joint Classification: Fibrous

A

Dense, strong connective tissue.

No space between bones.

(e.g. sutures)

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13
Q

Structural Joint Classification: Cartilaginous

A

Cartilage.

No space between bones.

(e.g. intervertebral, pubic symphysis)

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14
Q

Structural Joint Classification: Synovial

A

Joint capsule (Articular capsule)

There is a space between the bones.

(e.g. All other joints in the body)

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15
Q

What are the most important joints in Massage Therapy?

A
  1. Diarthroses (diarthrotic); and 2. Synovial

Freely moveable with a joint capsule and a space between the bones.

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16
Q

How many structures make up a typical synovial joint?

A

5 structures or parts

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17
Q

What are the 5 structures or parts that make up a typical synovial joint?

A
  1. Articulating bones; 2. Articular cartilage; 3. Fibrous capsule; 4. Synovial membrane; and 5. Joint cavity
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18
Q

Structure of a Synovial Joint: Articular Cartilage

A

Hyaline cartilage which covers the ends of bones where they come together to form a joint. This reduces friction and allows for some shock absorbency.

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19
Q

What is osteoarthritis?

A

When articular cartilage fragments or wears away through repetitive movement where the bones are rubbing together.

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20
Q

Structure of a Synovial Joint: Articular Capsule

A

A sleeve of connective tissue which is attached to articulating bones to surround the joint to protect the joint and bathe the joint in synovial fluid.

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21
Q

How many layers make up the articular capsule?

A

2 layers

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22
Q

What are the 2 layers that make up the articular capsule?

A
  1. Fibrous capsule; and 2. Synovial membrane
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23
Q

Structure of a Synovial Joint: Fibrous Capsule

A

The outer layer of the joint capsule. It’s dense and helps to hold bones together and protects the joint. It “weaves” into the periosteum.

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24
Q

Structure of a Synovial Joint: Synovial Membrane

A

The inner lining of the joint capsule. Made up of fatty connective tissue and elastic fibers. It produces synovial fluid.

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25
Q

What is rheumatoid arthritis?

A

An autoimmune disease of the synovial membrane that causes too little or too much synovial fluid.

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26
Q

Structure of a Synovial Joint: Synovial Fluid

A

A byproduct of blood. A clear fluid, made up of mostly water, electrolytes (salts), proteins (helps with thickening), nutrients, waste product, and hormones. Has the consistency of uncooked egg whites.

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27
Q

How many functions does synovial fluid have?

A

2 functions

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28
Q

What are the 2 functions of synovial fluid?

A
  1. Bathes the joint. Supplies it with nutrients and removes metabolic waste.
  2. Reduces friction and allows for articulating bones to move within this friction free environment.
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29
Q

Structure of a Synovial Joint: Reinforcing Ligaments

A

Along with holding bones together they reinforce or strengthen the joint capsule.

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30
Q

Structure of a Synovial Joint: Ligament

A

Parallel arranged collagen and elastic fibers which attach bone to bone. Ligaments weave into the periosteum.

Collagen for strength. Elastic for flexibility.

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31
Q

How many functions of ligaments?

A

4 functions

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32
Q

What are the 4 functions of ligaments?

A
  1. Joint stability; 2. Maintain postural stability; 3. Guide movement of a joint; and 4. Prevent muscles from being overstretched
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33
Q

What is ligament laxity?

A

Overstretched ligaments.

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34
Q

Structure of a Synovial Joint: Articular Discs (Menisci)

A

Are present in some synovial joints.

Fibrocartilaginous discs which sit between the bones of some synovial joints.

e.g. knee, TMJ, distal ulna

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35
Q

How many functions of articular discs (menisci)?

A

2 functions

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36
Q

What are the 2 functions of articular discs (menisci)?

A
  1. Helps oddly shaped bones to fit more snugly; and 2. Shock absorbency
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37
Q

Structure of a Synovial Joint: Bursae

A

Are often found surrounding synovial joints.

A connective tissue sac filled with synovial fluid in places where soft tissue rubs against bone.

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38
Q

What is bursitis?

A

Inflammation of a bursa.

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39
Q

What is a bunion?

A

Calcified bursitis.

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40
Q

How many different movements are possible at synovial joints?

A

22 movements

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41
Q

What are the 22 movements possible at synovial joints?

A

1-2. Flexion/Extension; 3. Lateral flexion at neck or waist; 4-5. ABduction/ADduction; 6. Rotation; 7-8. Medial (Internal) Rotation/Lateral (External) Rotation at the hip or shoulder; 9. Circumduction; 10-11. Inversion (Supination)/Eversion (Pronation) of the foot at the ankle; 12-13. Plantarflexion/Dorsiflexion of the foot at the ankle; 14-15. Protraction (ABduction)/Retraction (ADduction) of the scapula/mandible; 16-17. Elevation/Depression of the scapula/mandible; 18-19. Supination/Pronation of the forearm at the elbow; 20-21. Radial Deviation/Ulnar Deviation of the hand at the wrist; 22. Opposition of the thumb

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42
Q

Movement: Flexion

A

Occurs when the angle between articulating surfaces is decreased. In the fetal position, the body is in flexion.

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43
Q

Movement: Lateral Flexion

A

Occurs when the angle between articulating surfaces decreases in a lateral plane. This only occurs at the neck and waist.

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44
Q

Movement: Extension

A

Occurs when the angle between articulating surfaces is increased. In anatomical position, the body is in extension. Extension may occur when the body returns to anatomic position from a flexed position.

Hyperextension is used to describe a joint position which is past anatomic position. The movement is still considered extension but the position is considered hyperextension.

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45
Q

Movement: ABduction

A

Is the movement of the body part away from the midline.

“ABduct away”

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46
Q

Movement: ADduction

A

Is the movement of the body part towards the midline.

“ADd toward”

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47
Q

Movement: Rotation

A

Is movement of a body part around its own linear axis (imagine putting a string through the length of bone and then rotating the bone around the string).

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48
Q

Movement: Medial (Internal) Rotation

A

Is when the anterior surface of the body part moves towards the midline. Occurs only at the hip and shoulder.

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49
Q

Movement: Lateral (External) Rotation

A

Is when the anterior surface of the body part moves away from the midline. Occurs only at the hip and shoulder.

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50
Q

Movement: Circumduction

A

Occurs when the proximal end of the body part remains stable and the distal end makes a circular movement. Circumduction is the combination of flexion, extension, aBduction and aDduction.

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51
Q

How many special movements of the thigh at the hip and the arm at the shoulder shoulder are there?

A

2 movements

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52
Q

What are the 2 special movements of the thigh at the hip and the arm at the shoulder?

A

Medial and Lateral Rotation

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53
Q

How many special movements of the foot at the ankle?

A

4 movements

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54
Q

What are the 4 special movements of the foot at the ankle?

A
  1. Inversion (Supination); 2. Eversion (Pronation); 3. Plantarflexion; and 5. Dorsiflexion
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55
Q

Movement: Inversion (Supination)

A

Occurs when the sole of the foot faces inward, toward the midline of the body.

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56
Q

Movement: Eversion (Pronation)

A

Occurs when the sole of the foot faces outward, away from the midline of the body.

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57
Q

Movement: Plantarflexion

A

Occurs when the foot moves downward, toes pointing away from the head.

“Plant your foot on the gas pedal.”

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58
Q

Movement: Dorsiflexion

A

Occurs when the foot moves upward, toes pointing toward the head.

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59
Q

How many special movements of the scapula and mandible at the TMJ?

A

4 movements

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60
Q

What are the 4 special movements of the scapula and mandible at the TMJ?

A
  1. Protraction (ABduction); 2. Retraction (ADduction); 3. Elevation; and 4. Depression
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61
Q

Movement: Protraction (ABduction)

A

Occurs when the scapula moves away from the midline of the body or when the mandible is jutted forward away from the body.

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62
Q

Movement: Retraction (ADduction)

A

Occurs when the scapula moves toward the midline of the body or when the mandible is in anatomical position.

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63
Q

Movement: Elevation

A

Occurs when the scapula is moved toward the ears or when the mandible is closed.

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64
Q

Movement: Depression

A

Occurs when the scapula moves downward away from the head or when the mandible is open.

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65
Q

How many special movements of the forearm at the elbow?

A

2 movements

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66
Q

What are the 2 special movements of the forearm at the elbow?

A
  1. Supination; and 2. Pronation

Only occurs during flexion.

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67
Q

Movement: Supination

A

Occurs when the palm is facing upward or anteriorly.

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68
Q

Movement: Pronation

A

Occurs when the palm is facing downward or posteriorly.

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69
Q

How many special movements of the hand at the wrist?

A

2 movements

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70
Q

What are the 2 special movements of the hand at the wrist?

A
  1. Radial Deviation; and 2. Ulnar Deviation
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71
Q

Movement: Radial Deviation

A

Hand deviates at the wrist with the thumb leading laterally.

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72
Q

Movement: Ulnar Deviation

A

Hand deviates at the wrist with the small finger leading medially.

73
Q

How many special movements of the thumb?

A

1 movement

74
Q

What is the special movement of the thumb?

A

Opposition

75
Q

Movement: Opposition

A

Occurs when the thumb moves toward the small finger.

76
Q

How many types of synovial joints?

A

6 types

77
Q

What are the 6 types of synovial joints?

A
  1. Plane or gliding joints; 2. Hinge joints; 3. Pivot joints; 4. Condylar (ellipsoidal) joints; 5. Saddle joint (modified ellipsoidal); and 6. Ball and socket joint
78
Q

Synovial Joint: Plane or Gliding

A

Permits the simplest kind of movement: side to side, and back and forth

e.g. carpals, tarsals and ribs/vertebrae

79
Q

Synovial Joint: Hinge

A

Permits movement similar to a hinged door; flexion and extension

e.g. elbow (ulna & humerus)

80
Q

Synovial Joint: Pivot

A

Permit rotation

e.g. atlantoaxial (C1-C2), radioulnar

81
Q

Synovial Joint: Condylar (Ellipsoidal)

A

Permit flexion and extension, radial deviation (aBduction), ulnar deviation (aDduction) and circumduction.

e.g. wrist (distal radius with scaphoid & lunate)

82
Q

Synovial Joint: Saddle (modified ellipsoidal)

A

Permit flexion, extension, aDduction, ABduction, circumduciton and opposition

e.g. thumb (trapezium and 1st metacarpal)

83
Q

Synovial Joint: Ball and Socket

A

Permits the most movement: flexion, extension, aBduction, aDduction, medial and lateral rotation and circumduction

e.g. hip joint (femur & acetabulum of coxal), shoulder (humerus into glenoid cavity of scapula)

84
Q

Neck Joint: Bones

A

Occiput (occipital) of skull + C1-C7 cervical vertebrae

85
Q

Neck Joint: Movements Possible

A

Flexion/Extension
Lateral Flexion
Rotation
Circumduction

86
Q

Neck Joint: Proper Terms

A

Head at neck

87
Q

Neck Joint: Type(s) of Joint

A

Plane or gliding joint

88
Q

Shoulder Joint: Bones

A

Head of humerus + glenoid cavity of scapula

89
Q

Shoulder Joint: Movements Possible

A

Flexion/Extension
Medial/Lateral Rotation
ABduction/ADduction
Circumduction

90
Q

Shoulder Joint: Proper Terms

A

Arm at shoulder

91
Q

Shoulder Joint: Type(s) of Joint

A

Ball & Socket

92
Q

Elbow Joint: Bones

A

Distal humerus + proximal ulna + proximal radius

93
Q

Elbow Joint: Movements Possible

A

Flexion/Extension

Pronation/Supination

94
Q

Elbow Joint: Proper terms

A

Forearm at elbow

95
Q

Elbow Joint: Type(s) of Joint

A

Hinge (flexion/extension)

Pivot (pronation/supination)

96
Q

Wrist Joint: Bones

A

Distal radius + scaphoid & lunate carpals

97
Q

Wrist Joint: Movements Possible

A

Flexion/Extension
Radial/Ulnar Deviation
Circumduction

98
Q

Wrist Joint: Proper Terms

A

Hand at wrist

99
Q

Wrist Joint: Type(s) of Joint

A

Condylar

100
Q

Finger (Hand/Finger) Joint: Bones

A

Metacarpals + phalanges

101
Q

Finger (Hand/Finger) Joint: Movements Possible

A

Flexion/Extension
ABduction/ADduction
Circumduction

102
Q

Finger (Hand/Finger) Joint: Proper Terms

A

Phalanges or digits

103
Q

Finger (Hand/Finger) Joint: Type(s) of Joint

A

Condylar

104
Q

Finger (Finger/Finger) Joint: Bones

A

Phalanges to phalanges

105
Q

Finger (Finger/Finger) Joint: Movements Possible

A

Flexion/Extension

106
Q

Finger (Finger/Finger) Joint: Proper Terms

A

Phalanges or digits

107
Q

Finger (Finger/Finger) Joint: Type(s) of Joint

A

???

108
Q

Waist Joint: Bones

A

L1-L5 lumbar vertebrae

109
Q

Waist Joint: Movements Possible

A

Flexion/Extension
Lateral Flexion
Rotation
Circumduction

Same as neck but less range of motion.

110
Q

Waist Joint: Proper Terms

A

Trunk or torso at waist

111
Q

Waist Joint: Type(s) of Joint

A

Plane or gliding

112
Q

Hip Joint: Bones

A

Head of femur + acetabulum of coxal

113
Q

Hip Joint: Movements Possible

A

Flexion/Extension
Medial/Lateral Rotation
ABduction/ADduction
Circumduction

Same as shoulder but less range of motion.

114
Q

Hip Joint: Proper Terms

A

Thigh at the hip

115
Q

Hip Joint: Type(s) of Joint

A

Ball & Socket

116
Q

Knee Joint: Bones

A

Distal femur + proximal tibia + patella

117
Q

Knee Joint: Movements Possible

A

Flexion/Extension

118
Q

Knee Joint: Proper Terms

A

Leg at knee

119
Q

Ankle Joint: Bones

A

Distal tibia + distal fibula + talus tarsal

120
Q

Ankle Joint: Movements Possible

A

Dorsiflexion/Plantarflexion
Eversion/Inversion
Circumduction

121
Q

Ankle Joint: Proper Terms

A

Foot at ankle

122
Q

Toe (Foot/Toe) Joint: Bones

A

Metatarsals to Phalanges

123
Q

Toe (Foot/Toe) Joint: Movements Possible

A

Flexion/Extension
ABduction/ADduction
Circumduction

Same as fingers.

124
Q

Toe (Foot/Toe) Joint: Proper Terms

A

Phalanges or digits

125
Q

Toe (Toe/Toe) Joint: Bones

A

Phalanges to Phalanges

126
Q

Toe (Foot/Toe) Joint: Movements Possible

A

Flexion/Extension

Same as fingers.

127
Q

Toe (Foot/Toe) Joint: Proper Terms

A

Phalanges or digits

128
Q

How many major ligaments in the neck joint?

A

1 major ligament

129
Q

What is the 1 major ligament in the neck joint?

A

Ligamentum Nuchae (Nuchal Ligament)

130
Q

Major Ligament: Ligamentum Nuchae (Nuchal Ligament)

A

Runs from the External Occipital Protuberance (EOP) of the occipital bone to the spinous process of the thoracic vertebra T1. Attachment point for muscles.

131
Q

How many major ligaments in the shoulder joint?

A

4 major ligaments

132
Q

What are the 4 major ligaments of the shoulder joint?

A
  1. Acromioclavicular ligament; 2. Coracoclavicular ligament; 3. Coracoacromial ligament; and 4. Transverse humeral ligament
133
Q

Major Ligament: Acromioclavicular Ligament

A

(AC ligament) Runs from the acromion of the scapula to the clavicle. This is the location of injury with a shoulder separation.

134
Q

Major Ligament: Coracoclavicular Ligament

A

Runs from the coracoid process of the scapula to the clavicle.

135
Q

Major Ligament: Coracoacromial Ligament

A

Runs from the scapula’s coracoid process to the acromion.

136
Q

Major Ligament: Transverse Humeral Ligament

A

Runs over the bicipital groove from the greater to the lesser tubercle on the humerus.

137
Q

What is the function of the transverse humeral ligament?

A

To hold the bicep tendon in place.

138
Q

Shoulder Joint

A

Ball & Socket Joint
Sacrificed stability for greater range of motion.
Allows all ranges of motion.
It is less stable because the glenoid cavity is shallow (dislocations can happen more easily).
Most of the shoulder ligaments are anteriorly located.

139
Q

Major Ligament: Inguinal Ligament

A

Runs from the coxal’s ASIS (ilium) to the pubic symphysis (pubis). Attachment site for abdominal muscle. Forms the roof of the femoral triangle. Also, lymph nodes are located here. Precautionary area for massage therapy.

140
Q

Major Ligament: Sacrotuberous Ligament

A

Runs from the sacrum to the ischial tuberosity. Deep to gluteus maximus. Stabilizes the pelvis.

141
Q

Major Ligament: Posterior Sacroiliac Ligament

A

Located on the posterior sacrum. Attaches the sacrum to the ilium of the coxal bone. Lies superficial to SI joint.

142
Q

How many major ligaments of the hip joint?

A

3 major ligaments

143
Q

What are the 3 major ligaments of the hip joint?

A
  1. Iliofemoral ligament; 2. Ischiofemoral ligament; and 3. pubofemoral ligament
144
Q

Major Ligament: Iliofemoral Ligament

A

Runs from the ilium to the femur.

145
Q

Major Ligament: Ischiofemoral Ligament

A

Runs from the ischium to the femur.

146
Q

Major Ligament: Pubofemoral Ligament

A

Runs from the pubis to the femur.

147
Q

Hip Joint

A

Ball & Socket joint.
Allows for greater range of motion, but not as much as the shoulder.
Reasons for less range of motion:
1. Head of femur sits deeply within the acetabulum.
2. Ligaments surround the hip joint in a corkscrew pattern.

148
Q

How many major ligaments of the knee joint?

A

5 major ligaments + 2 menisci

149
Q

What are the 5 major ligaments and 2 menisci of the knee joint?

A
  1. Medial Meniscus; 2. Lateral Meniscus; 3. Tibial (or Medial) Collateral Ligament (MCL); 4. Fibular (or Lateral) Collateral Ligament (LCL); 5. Anterior Cruciate Ligament (ACL); 6. Posterior Cruciate Ligament (PCL); and 7. Patellar Ligament.
150
Q

Major Menisci: Medial Meniscus

A

Lies between the medial femoral and tibial condyles.

151
Q

Major Menisci: Lateral Meniscus

A

Lies between the lateral femoral and tibial condyles.

152
Q

Major Ligament: Medial (or Tibial) Collateral Ligament

A

The MCL runs from the medial epicondyle of femur to the medial condyle of the tibia

153
Q

Major Ligament: Lateral (or Fibular) Collateral Ligament

A

The LCL runs from the lateral epicondyle of femur to the head of the fibula.

154
Q

What prevents rotation of the tibia against the femur?

A

The Medial (or Tibial) Collateral Ligament (MCL) + Lateral (or Fibular) Collateral Ligament (LCL)

155
Q

Major Ligament: Anterior Cruciate Ligament

A

The ACL forms an “X” inside the knee joint.

156
Q

Major Ligament: Posterior Cruciate Ligament

A

The PCL forms an “X” inside the knee joint.

157
Q

What prevents displacement of the tibia (forward or backward) against the femur?

A

Anterior Cruciate Ligament (ALC) + Posterior Cruciate Ligament (PCL)

158
Q

Major Ligament: Patellar Ligament

A

Runs from the patella to the tibial tuberosity. Distal attachment for quadriceps.

159
Q

How many major ligaments of the ankle joint?

A

2 major ligaments

160
Q

What are the 2 major ligaments for the ankle joint?

A
  1. Medial (or Deltoid) Ligament; and 2. Lateral Ligament
161
Q

Major Ligament: Deltoid (or Medial) Ligament

A

Runs from the medial malleolus of the tibia to the tarsal bones.

162
Q

Major Ligament: Lateral Ligament

A

Runs from the lateral malleolus of the fibula to the tarsal bones.

163
Q

Ankle Joint

A

Most commonly sprained joint in the body.
Of all ankle sprains, 90% involve the lateral ligament.
Deltoid (or Medial) ligament is much more dense and the bone structure prevents inversion; eversion movement is much greater.

164
Q

Define a ligament

A

Parallel arranged collagen (for stength) and elastic (for flexibility) fibers which attach bone to bone. Ligaments weave into the periosteum.

165
Q

Name the parts of a typical synovial joint

A
  1. Articulating bones; 2. Articular cartilage; 3. Fibrous capsule; 4. Synovial Membrane; and 5. Joint Cavity filled with synovial fluid
166
Q

The ligamentum nuchae runs from where to where?

A

From the EOP to the spinous process of T1

167
Q

What is the name of the ligament crossing the bicipital groove? What is its function?

A

Transverse humeral ligament. To hold the bicep tendon in place.

168
Q

What type of joint is the shoulder? The hip? The knee? The elbow?

A

Shoulder: Ball & Socket
Hip: Ball & Socket
Knee: Hinge & Plane
Elbow: Hinge & Pivot

169
Q

Knee Joint: Type(s) of Joint

A

Hinge (femur + tibia)

Plane or Gliding (patella)

170
Q

Why is the range of motion greater at the shoulder than at the hip?

A

Humerus sits in the shallow glenoid cavity; head of femur sits deep in the acetabulum. Most ligaments are anteriorly located on shoulder; ligaments surround the hip in a corkscrew pattern.

171
Q

What is the name of the ligament running from the ASIS to the Pubis?

A

Inguinal Ligament

172
Q

What is the function of the sacrotuberous ligament?

A

Stabalizes the pelvis.

173
Q

What is the most commonly sprained joint in the body?

A

Ankle

174
Q

What is the name of the ligaments in the knee that resemble an “X” pattern?

A

Anterior and Posterior Cruciate Ligaments (ACL & PCL)

175
Q

What is the function of a meniscus?

A

It helps oddly shaped bones to fit together more snugly and provides shock absorbency.

176
Q

Name the two ligaments on either side of the knee.

A

Medial (tibial) and lateral (fibular) collateral ligaments (MCL and LCL)

177
Q

What is the largest joint in the body?

A

Knee (by surface area)

178
Q

What is the name of the ligament on the medial side of the ankle?

A

Medial (or deltoid) ligament

179
Q

What is the name of the ligament on the lateral side of the knee?

A

Lateral (or fibular) collateral ligament (LCL)

Bancroft: AP1 (10 decks)

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