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Bancroft: AP1 > Test #1 - Class 1: Introduction to A&P, Directional and Regional terms > Flashcards

Test #1 - Class 1: Introduction to A&P, Directional and Regional terms Flashcards

1
Q

Definition: Anatomy

A

The study of the structure of the human body.

Anatomy or structure often defines physiology.

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2
Q

Definition: Physiology

A

The study of the functioning of the human body.

Anatomy or structure often defines physiology.

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3
Q

How many Levels of Organization?

A

6

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4
Q

Chemical Level

A

Takes various atoms and combines them together to make molecules.

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5
Q

Cellular Level

A

The combination of various molecules.

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6
Q

Tissue Level

A

Combining similar cells together to perform a function for the body.

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7
Q

Organ Level

A

Combination of two or more types of tissue together to perform a function for the body.

e.g. gall bladder, kidneys, heart

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8
Q

System Level

A

Combination of organs together to perform a function for the body.

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9
Q

Organism Level

A

The highest level of organization. The combination of all 11 organ systems working together to promote life.

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10
Q

What are the 6 Levels of Organization?

A
  1. Chemical; 2. Cellular; 3. Tissue; 4. Organ; 5. System; and 6. Organism
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11
Q

How many Necessary Life Functions?

A

8

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12
Q

What are the 8 Necessary Life Functions?

A

ESSAY QUESTION: BE ABLE TO LIST AND EXPLAIN THE 8 FUNCTIONS…

  1. Maintaining Boundaries; 2. Movement; 3. Responsiveness; 4. Digestion; 5. Metabolism; 6. Excretion; 7. Reproduction; and 8. Growth
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13
Q

Life Function: Maintaining Boundaries

A

We need to maintain a separation between the internal and external environment (skin).

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14
Q

Life Function: Movement

A

Skeletal muscles create movement (locomotion).

e.g. blood, O2, CO2, urine, feces, sweat

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15
Q

Life Function: Responsiveness

A

The body needs to be able to respond to a stimulus (nervous + endocrine).

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16
Q

Life Function: Digestion

A

Taking the food we eat and breaking it down into a form that can be used by the body.

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17
Q

Life Function: Metabolism

A

The sum of all cellular activity.

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18
Q

Life Function: Excretion

A

The elimination of waste.

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19
Q

Life Function: Reproduction

A

Survival of the species. Cells divide to produce daughter cells.

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20
Q

Life Function: Growth

A

By using the food we eat, we need our cells to grow. Growth must outpace destruction to maintain life.

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21
Q

Definition: Homeostasis

A

The body’s ability to maintain a stable internal balance within certain physiological limits.

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22
Q

Definition: Anatomical Position

A

Body standing erect, limbs extended, palms of the hands forward.

A universally agreed upon position of the human body which allows directional terms to be clear and consistent.

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23
Q

Directional Term: Prone

A

Face down

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24
Q

Directional Term: Supine

A

Face up

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25
Q

Directional Term: Superior (cranial, caphalad or rostral)

A

Closer to the head or higher (head & torso only)

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26
Q

Directional Term: Inferior (caudal)

A

Closer to the feet or lower (head & torso only)

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27
Q

Directional Term: Ventral (anterior)

A

More in front.

Anterior is preferred to ventral.

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28
Q

Directional Term: Dorsal (posterior)

A

More in back.

Posterior is preferred to dorsal.

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29
Q

Directional Term: Medial

A

More toward median plane (midline, center).

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30
Q

Directional Term: Lateral

A

Further away form median plane (midline, center).

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31
Q

Directional Term: Intermediate

A

Between 2 structures.

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32
Q

Directional Term: Proximal

A

Closer to where it attaches to body (extremities or limbs only)

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33
Q

Directional Term: Distal

A

Further away form where it attaches to body (extremities or limbs only)

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34
Q

Directional Term: Superficial (external)

A

Closer to the surface of the body.

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35
Q

Directional Term: Deep (internal)

A

Further away form the surface of the body.

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36
Q

Directional Term: Ipsilateral

A

Same side (as reference point)

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37
Q

Directional Term: Contralateral

A

Opposite side (of reference point)

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38
Q

Regional Term: Head

A

Cephalic

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39
Q

Regional Term: Neck

A

Cervical

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40
Q

Regional Term: Shoulder

A

Acromial

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41
Q

Regional Term: Armpit

A

Axillary

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42
Q

Regional Term: Arm

A

Brachial

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43
Q

Regional Term: Elbow

A

Olecranal (posterior: cubital; anterior antecubital)

44
Q

Regional Term: Wrist

45
Q

Regional Term: Palm

46
Q

Regional Term: Thumb

47
Q

Regional Term: Fingers

A

Digital/Phalanges

48
Q

Regional Term: Chest

49
Q

Regional Term: Stomach

50
Q

Regional Term: Between navel and genitals

51
Q

Regional Term: Groin

52
Q

Regional Term: Low back

53
Q

Regional Term: Buttocks

54
Q

Regional Term: Thigh

55
Q

Regional Term: Knee (anterior)

56
Q

Regional Term: Knee (posterior)

57
Q

Regional Term: Calf

58
Q

Regional Term: Ankle

59
Q

Regional Term: Heel

60
Q

Regional Term: Foot (bottom surface)

61
Q

Regional Term: Foot (Top surface)

62
Q

Regional Term: Toes

A

Digital/Phalanges

63
Q

Regional Term: Big Toe

64
Q

Regional Term: Arm, Forearm, Hand

A

Upper extremity (limb)

65
Q

Regional Term: Thigh, Leg, Foot

A

Lower extremity (limb)

66
Q

Plane: Sagittal (Median)

A

Divides left and right.

67
Q

Plane: Frontal (Coronal)

A

Divides front and back.

68
Q

Plane: Transverse (cross section)

A

Divides top and bottom.

69
Q

Body Cavity: Dorsal

A

Back: Consists of cranial cavity and spinal cavity.

70
Q

Body Cavity: Ventral

A

Front: Consists of thoracic cavity, abdominal cavity and pelvic cavity.

71
Q

Body Cavity: Thoracic

A

Contains the Heart and Lungs

72
Q

Body Cavity: Abdominal

A

Contains the Stomach, Intestines, Liver, Spleen, Pancreas, Kidneys and Gallbladder

73
Q

Body Cavity: Pelvic

A

Contains the Urinary Bladder, part of the Large Intestine and internal Reproductive Organs

74
Q

What are the four (4) most common elements in the human body?

A
  1. Carbon; 2. Oxygen; 3. Hydrogen; and 4. Nitrogen

e. g. H2O, CO2

75
Q

What is the smallest living part?

76
Q

How many types of tissue are there?

77
Q

What are the 4 types of tissue?

A
  1. Epithelial; 2. Connective; 3. Nervous; and 4. Muscle
78
Q

How many organ systems are there?

79
Q

What are the 11 organ systems?

A

KNOW 1 OR 2…

  1. Integumentary (skin); 2. Skeletal (bones, joints, cartilage); 3. Muscular; 4. Nervous (brain, spinal cord, nerves); 5. Endocrine (hormones); 6. Cardiovascular (heart, blood, veins); 7. Lymphatic (lymph nodes); 8. Respiratory (lungs, nasal); 9. Digestive (oral, stomach, intestines); 10. Urinary (waste); and 11. Reproductive
80
Q

Region: Face

81
Q

Region: Jaw

A

Mandibular

82
Q

Region: Upper Chest

83
Q

Region: Shin

84
Q

Region: Between lower back and buttock

85
Q

Region: Below shoulder; between spine and arm

86
Q

Region: Back of head (Crown)

87
Q

Region: Between neck and clavicle

A

Supraclavicular

88
Q

Region: Back of hand

A

Dorsal (dorsum)

89
Q

Region: Forearm

A

Antebriachial

90
Q

Region: Hip

91
Q

Region: Side of leg

92
Q

Region: Foot

93
Q

Region: Hand

94
Q

Region: Navel/Bellybutton

A

Umbillical

95
Q

Region: Breastbone

96
Q

Region: Chin

97
Q

Region: Forehead

98
Q

Region: Eye

99
Q

Region: Nose

100
Q

Region: Cheek

101
Q

Region: Mouth

102
Q

Region: Genital

103
Q

Region: Spine

104
Q

Region: Back of head (Base)

105
Q

Region: Upper arm (between shoulder and bicep)

Bancroft: AP1 (10 decks)

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